This story was updated at 1:17 p.m. EDT.
WOODLANDS, Texas — Images of the moon gleaned from NASA
spacecraft more than 40 years ago are now getting a 21st century makeover
thanks to the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP).
Back in 1966 and 1967, NASA hurled a series of Lunar Orbiter
spacecraft to the moon. Each of the five orbiters were dispatched to map the
landscape in high-resolution and assist in charting where best to set down
Apollo moonwalkers and open up the lunar surface to expanded human operations.
By gathering the vintage hardware to
playback the imagery, and then upgrading it to digital standards, researchers
have yielded a strikingly fresh look at the old moon. Furthermore, LOIRP's
efforts may also lead to retrieving and beefing up video from the first
human landing on the moon by Apollo 11 astronauts in July 1969.
Digital domain
Dennis Wingo, LOIRP's team leader, detailed the group's work
in progress during last week's 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.
Teamed with SpaceRef.com, LOIRP's saga is one of
acquiring the last surviving Ampex FR-900 machinery that can play analog image
data from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. Wingo noted that the work is backed by
NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate, the space agency's Innovative
Partnership Program, along with private organizations, making it possible to
overhaul old equipment, digitally upgrade and clean-up the imagery via
software.
LOIRP is
located at NASA's Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, Calif. There, project
members are taking the analog data, converting it into digital form and
reconstructing the images.
By moving them into the digital domain, Wingo said, the
photos now offer a higher dynamic range and resolution than the original
pictures, he added.
"We're going to be releasing these to the whole world,"
Wingo said.
Use of the refreshed images, contrasted to what NASA's
upcoming Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission is slated to produce, has
an immediate scientific benefit. That is, what is the frequency of impacts on
the Moon's already substantially crater-pocked surface?
"We'll be able to get crater counts," Wingo told SPACE.com.
"LRO imagery of the same terrain imaged decades ago will provide a crater count
over the last 40 years."
Frozen in
time
There's
also a more down to Earth output thanks to LOIRP scientists.
They have used
a Lunar Orbiter 1 image of the Earth for climate studies, basically a snapshot
frozen in time that shows the edge of the Antarctic ice pack on August 23,
1966.
The team is
working with the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colorado to
correlate their images of the Earth with old NASA Nimbus 1 and Nimbus 2
spacecraft imagery that flew at about the same time — in the mid-1960s — as the
Lunar Orbiter 1. Nimbus satellites were meteorological research and development
spacecraft.
Wingo said that
the original Nimbus images may have been recorded on an Ampex FR-900 — so by
processing the original Nimbus tapes there is a very good chance that they can
provide NASA
with polar ice pack data from ten years earlier.
Lessons
learned
One treasure hunt outing by LOIRP may lead to finding what
some term as "lost" Apollo
11 slow scan tapes, Wingo said.
"We don't think they are lost. People have been looking for
the wrong tapes," he said, explaining that they were recorded on Ampex FR-900
equipment — not on another type of recorder as previously thought.
Wingo said those Apollo tapes are stored at the Federal
Records Center, labeled and ready for a look see.
"We think for the 40th anniversary of Apollo we may be able
to get the original slow scan tapes," Wingo said. If so, the hope is to recover
them and give the public a higher-quality, never-before-seen view of human
exploration of the Moon.
There is a lesson learned output from LOIRP.
In the beginning, very few people thought this could be
done...but now they have seen the results," Wingo said.
It is not enough to have 100 year recording medium, Wingo
explains. Without the retention of the specific era equipment that images are
archived on, it will be impossible for future generations to recover older NASA
or other satellite data, he advised.
This is a general issue, not specific to the Lunar Orbiter
program. The retention of critical hardware should be a requirement for flight
efforts. The original historic Apollo 11 slow scan images have been lost due to
inattention to this critical detail, Wingo concluded.
Leonard
David has been reporting on the space industry for more than four decades. He
is past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space
World magazines and has written for SPACE.com since 1999.
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