New observations of a star suspected of harboring a planet
provide the most convincing evidence yet of the young world's existence.
Rather than spotting the planet, however, astronomers have
photographed an odd-shaped ring of dust that surrounds the star. They assume
that the unseen planet sculpted the arrangement.
The star, Fomalhaut, is the 17th brightest in our night sky
and is easily found with the unaided eye and a sky chart. It is a
relatively young star, still shrouded in the dust of its birth.
Fomalhaut is about 25 light-years away.
Distortions
explained
In 2002, astronomers said they had found distortions in Fomalhaut's disk-like
dust ring and calculated that a Saturn-sized planet must be orbiting the star.
Observations also hinted that the ring was offset in relation to the star a
manner that suggested the presence of a planet, but that speculation was based
partly on computer models.
The new optical view, from the Hubble Space Telescope,
reveals the exact dimensions of the swirling mass of star-formation leftovers.
The dust ring is not centered on star as would be expected
if only the star's gravity had sculpted it. Instead, the center is 1.4 billion
miles (15 times the distance from Earth to the Sun) away from the star. That is
strong evidence of a planet tugging on the ring, scientists said today.
"Our new Hubble images confirm those earlier hypotheses
that proposed a planet was perturbing the ring," said Paul Kalas of the
University of California at Berkeley.
A
familiar ring
Kalas and his colleagues assume the mystery object is a
planet and not something larger, such as a dim failed star known as a brown
dwarf, because they say Hubble would have spotted a brown dwarf directly with
the observations that were made.
The investigation is important because the Fomalhaut (Fo-mal-ought)
system is thought to resemble our own solar system when it was about 200
million years old (ours is now 4.6 billion years old). Astronomers have a theoretical model for how the planets
formed, but only by looking at young solar systems can they confirm that the
process played out as expected.
The ring around Fomalhaut resembles our solar system's Kuiper Belt, a region of comet-like objects
beyond Neptune. Astronomers think that as planets, asteroids and comets develop
out of dust, a lot of material is kicked either inward to the star our
outward into a leftover ring of debris.
Importantly, the theory holds that the region near a newborn
star, such as the location of Earth, is bereft of water in a solar system's
early years. Some of icy material that develops farther out is, however,
expected to be booted inward after planet formation, bringing precious water ice to nascent
planets and providing the ingredients for life.
While confident that such a process set up conditions for
biology on Earth, scientists are eager to learn if the scheme is common.
More
evidence
Hubble provided more clues suggesting a planet.
The ring's inner edge is sharper than the outer edge,
consistent with computer models of a planet sweeping material up in the manner
of a snowplow. The width of the ring, now measured to be about 2.3 billion
miles, is also what would be expected if it's shaped by a nascent world. With
no planet to keep material in check, the ring would be wider.
The shepherding of the ring is similar to what is seen in
the rings of Saturn, which are confined by the gravitational influence of
moons, Kalas said.
Despite similarities to our solar system, the setup at
Fomalhaut is also distinct.
"While Fomalhaut's ring is analogous to the Kuiper
Belt, its diameter is four times greater than that of the Kuiper Belt," Kalas
said. That suggests "that not all planetary systems form and evolve in the same
way."
Indeed, many of the other 150 or so extrasolar planets found
to date orbit incredibly close to their host stars. In some systems, Jupiter-sized
worlds orbit a star in just a few days. Other planets take wildly eccentric paths around their stars.
The findings are detailed in the June 23 issue of the journal
Nature.
advertisement
