LES MUREAUX, France -- Europe's
Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) is scheduled to be shipped by boat to the Guiana Space Center launch site in July in preparation for a November launch to the
International Space Station, program managers said.
The ATV,
whose current cost is estimated at about 1 billion euros ($1.34 billion), will
be part of a shipment of some 50 crates weighing 300,000 kilograms to be loaded
onto the Toucan transport ship in Rotterdam, Netherlands for the 12-day voyage
to the French Guiana spaceport, according to ATV program managers at Astrium
Space Transportation, located here.
In May 24
briefings on the program's status, Astrium Space Transportation officials
expressed cautious optimism that the ATV's Functional Simulation Facility is
nearing final qualification. This facility, which is located here, simulates
all phases of the ATV mission as the unmanned, 19,400-kilogram vehicle
approaches the station, stops or backs off if ordered, and then docks softly
enough to avoid any threat to the station's astronauts.
"We have a
schedule of about 61 tests on this facility that need to be performed with the
customer [the European Space Agency] and we have completed 57 of them," said
Nicolas Chamussy, ATV program manager at Astrium Space Transportation. He said
the remaining tests were not the most demanding.
Even so,
Chamussy said the company is maintaining the double work shift on the
Functional Simulation Facility; teams work nonstop between 6 a.m. and 2 a.m.,
he said. A final series of tests at the European Space Agency (ESA) Estec
technology center in Noordwijk, Netherlands, will be run in the coming weeks
before the maiden-flight ATV model, called Jules Verne, is made ready for
transport to the launch site. Jules Verne has been at the Estec center for
about three years.
But as has
long been the case with ATV—perhaps the most complicated piece of hardware
ever built in Europe—the schedule depends in part on events occurring
elsewhere in the international space station program and with ATV's Ariane 5
launch vehicle.
A
manufacturing glitch in the GPS navigation receiver being built in Russia has delayed the receiver's placement on the international space station's Russian
module, where ATV will dock. The receiver is scheduled to be installed on the
station's exterior during an astronaut spacewalk before the ATV launch.
The
specially designed Ariane 5 rocket—the Ariane 5 ES—will place the ATV into a
260 kilometer orbit inclined at 51.6 degrees relative to the equator. While it
has been declared fit for service, an Ariane 5 in the ATV configuration has
never flown.
In
particular, its restartable upper-stage engine, has not been flown. This stage
must be ignited three times during the mission, with the last burn designed to
take the Ariane 5 upper stage out of the ATV's orbit—the orbit used for all
vehicles flying to and from the station.
A
commercial Ariane 5 mission scheduled for September will test a similar upper
stage, called the Ariane 5 GS variant, restarting it after it has delivered its
two commercial telecommunications satellites to their assigned drop-off
location in geostationary-transfer orbit.
Astrium
Space Transportation and ESA do not decide alone on ATV. Because of the dangers
inherent in having such a large vehicle navigate toward the space station, NASA
and the Russian Space Agency also must sign off on ATV's readiness to begin
service. The ATV flight will be managed from Toulouse, France, where a dedicated facility has been built, but NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston and Russia's mission control center outside Moscow also will have a say in ATV's
final approach to the international space station.
In
addition, NASA's White Sands, N.M., facility that manages the tracking and
data-relay satellites and ESA's Redu, Belgium, center that manages ESA's
Artemis data-relay satellite—both satellite systems will be used to maintain
contact with the station and ATV—are part of ATV's elaborate communications
loop.
ATV is
being developed as a way for the European Space Agency to supply services to
the space station partnership instead of having to pay cash for Europe's pro rata share of the annual utility costs incurred by NASA in managing the
station and its activities. Under current plans, four additional ATVs will be
launched to fulfill Europe's obligations for station maintenance.
Astrium
Space Transportation has an adjustable contract with ESA to provide six
additional ATVs—if needed—for a total price of about 800 million euros. ATV
managers also are hopeful of winning contracts from NASA in the period that is
scheduled to begin with the U.S. space shuttle's retirement in 2010 through
2015 when a new vehicle is set to enter service. The Russian Progress vehicle,
with about one-third ATV's capacity, will continue to service the station, and Japan's HTV vehicle, which resembles the ATV but is smaller, also will be available during
that same period.
In
addition, NASA has awarded development contracts to two U.S. companies to provide station cargo services under a program called Commercial Orbital
Transportation Services.
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