Jupiter May Help Supercharge Meteor Shower from Halley's Comet

Astrophotographer Jeff Berkes snapped this amazing photo of an Orionid meteor streaking above a lake in Elverson, Pa., on Oct. 22, 2011, during the peak of the annual Orionid meteor shower. Credit: Jeff Berkes View full size image

Jupiter's powerful gravity can help supercharge a meteor shower caused by trailing chunks of the famed Halley's comet, a new study suggests.

Every October, skywatchers are treated to a dazzling show when the Orionid meteors — leftover bits of Halley's comet, which zips by Earth every 76 years or so — burn up in our atmosphere. The Orionids are incredibly active from time to time, and this activity is generated by a complex orbital interplay among Jupiter, the comet and the meteoroids, according to the study.

Previous research had suggested that intense Orionid outbursts occur after the meteoroids fall into resonances with Jupiter's orbit. Resonances are gravitational sweet spots in which objects' orbits around the sun are related by a ratio of two whole numbers. (A 1:2 resonance, for example, means that one body completes one orbit in the time it takes another object to make two orbits.)

The new study finds that Halley's comet itself has likely been in resonances with Jupiter in the past, which in turn increases the odds of populating the Orionid stream with resonant meteoroids. The comet particles ejected during those times tend to clump together due to periodic effects from Jupiter. [Skywatcher Photos of 2011's Orionid Shower]

"This resonant behavior of meteoroids means that Halley's debris is not uniformly distributed along its orbital path," author Aswin Sekhar, of Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland, said in a statement. "When the Earth encounters one of these clumps, it experiences a much more spectacular meteor shower than usual."

This view of comet Halley's nucleus was obtained by the Halley Multicolour Camera (HMC) on board the Giotto spacecraft, as it passed within 600 km of the comet nucleus on March 13, 1986.
Credit: ESA. Courtesy of MPAe, Lindau

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Sekhar modeled the orbital evolution of Halley's comet over a long stretch of time, from more than 12,000 years in the past to 15,000 years into the future. He determined that from 1404 B.C. to 690 B.C., the comet was likely trapped in a 1:6 resonance with Jupiter (in which Halley completed one orbit for every six orbits of Jupiter around the sun).

Later, from 240 B.C. to 1700 A.D., the comet was in a 2:13 orbital resonance with Jupiter. Debris streams deposited during these two periods are directly linked to heightened activity in the Orionid meteor showers in some years, according to the study.

For example, Sekhar's work suggests that the unusual Orionid outburst observed in 1993 was due to 2:13 resonant meteoroids sloughed by Halley around 240 B.C. He predicts that the next similarly heightened display of meteors from this 2:13 resonance will be in 2070 A.D.

"The real beauty of this area of science lies in the convergence of cometary physics and orbital dynamics. The close correlation between historical records from ancient civilizations and the predictions using modern science make it even more elegant," Sekhar said. "There are enough unsolved problems pertaining to Halley and its meteor streams to keep us occupied till the next apparition of the comet in 2061."

Sekhar presented the results Tuesday (March 27) at the National Astronomy Meeting in Manchester, the United Kingdom.

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