Newborn Massive Stars Dwarf Full-Grown Stellar Giants

Artist’s impression illustrating the formation process of massive stars. At the end of the formation process, the surrounding accretion disk disappears, revealing the surface of the young star. At this phase the young massive star is much larger than when it has reached a stable equilibrium. CREDIT: Lucas Ellerbroek/Lex Kaper University of Amsterdam View full size image

Massive stars generally start out life much bigger than they will be in maturity, a new study seems to confirm.

Astronomers from the University of Amsterdam got a rare look at a massive star in the process of forming and found that the star will contract until it has reached a stable equilibrium.

The researchers studied the young star B275, which lies in the Omega Nebula, also called the Swan Nebula or Messier 17. This hotbed of gas, dust and young stars lies approximately 5,500 light-years from Earth, in the direction of the Sagittarius constellation.

Astronomers typically struggle to obtain clear observations of a massive star as it is forming, since newborn stars are deeply embedded and obscured in their parent clouds of gas and dust.

Peering through the haze

To lift the veil on the process of star formation, the researchers sifted through ultraviolet and infrared data collected from a powerful spectrograph instrument, called the X-shooter, on the European Space Agency's Very Large Telescope at the Paranal Observatory in Chile.

"The large-wavelength coverage of X-shooter provides the opportunity to determine many stellar properties at once, like the surface temperature, size, and the presence of a disk," study lead author Bram Ochsendorf said in a statement. [Top 10 Star Mysteries]

Ochsendorf analyzed the data as part of his master's research project at the University of Amsterdam.

The first released VST image shows the spectacular star-forming region Messier 17, also known as the Omega Nebula or the Swan Nebula, as it has never been seen before. This vast region of gas, dust and hot young stars lies in the heart of the Milky Way in the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer).
CREDIT: space, european southern observatory, eso, eso images, messier 17, vst, vlt survey telescope, vista infrared survey telescope, new telescope, paranal observatory, first light, first light pictures, new telescope images

View full size image

The results indicate that B275 is about three times larger than stars that are about seven times more massive than our sun and have reached the so-called main sequence phase of their lives. The main sequence phase represents a specific stage of stellar evolution in which a star burns hydrogen into helium. (Our own sun is currently in its main sequence.)

The team's findings appear to confirm a theory of star formation predicting that a newly formed massive star will contract until it reaches a more stable state.

A star is born

As they form, young massive stars are surrounded by rotating gaseous disks that feed material to the newborn giants. This complicated accretion process has been poorly understood.

When the process is complete, the surrounding disk disappears and the budding new star becomes visible. This is the stage B275 has entered, the astronomers said.

The core temperature of B275 is now high enough for the star to begin burning hydrogen, but the star will contract until it reaches a stable equilibrium, in which the energy production in the core exactly balances out the radiation loss at the stellar surface, the researchers explained.

Observations from the Very Large Telescope also showed that the surface temperature of B275 was significantly lower than usual for a star its size that is 1,600 times more luminous than the sun, the astronomers said.

To account for this discrepancy, the researchers assigned a larger radius to the newborn star which matches the sharp spectral observations taken of B275 that show it is a stellar giant, they said.

"This is a beautiful confirmation of new theoretical models describing the formation process of massive stars, obtained thanks to the extreme sensitivity of X-shooter," said University of Amsterdam astronomy professor Lex Kaper, who is Ochsendorf’s supervisor.

The results of the study were published in the Dec. 2 issue of the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

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