A team of
astronauts and divers is wrapping up a record-setting mission to the ocean
floor filled with undersea "moonwalks" and robotic surgeries controlled by a
doctor high and dry in Canada.
The six-aquanaut
crew of the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 9 mission are set
to return to the Earth's surface Thursday after 18 days of underwater living
aboard Aquarius,
an undersea laboratory stationed 67 feet (20 meters) down just off Key Largo in
the Florida Keys.
"Every
single thing that we're doing on this mission directly relates to exploration,"
NASA astronaut and NEEMO 9 aquanaut Ron Garan told SPACE.com during a
phone call to Aquarius. "One of the big things we're trying to look at is to
see how we can have collaborative effort between the human astronauts and
robotic explorers."
NEEMO 9 is
the longest NASA ocean floor mission and the longest to date aboard Aquarius. Garan
has been working aboard the aquatic laboratory with fellow NASA astronaut Nicole
Stott, NEEMO 9 commander Dave Williams - of the Canadian Space Agency - and
University of Cincinnati physician Tim Broderick since diving down to the
undersea outpost on April 3. Professional Aquarius divers Jim Buckley and Ross
Hein are also aboard the laboratory.
"Except for
the launch, we're basically on a space mission," Garan said, adding that the mission
is supporting NASA's plan to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020. "We're in
an extremely hazardous environment...it's a small confined space with the crew on
a very tight timeline."
Aquarius is
operated by the National Undersea Research Center at the University of North
Carolina at Wilmington (UNCW) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA). NOAA owns the ocean-floor laboratory, which has as much living area as
NASA's Destiny lab module aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Long
distance surgery
One of the
key goals for the NEEMO 9 crew included the assembly and operation of a
surgical robot designed to allow physicians to dress wounds remotely with only
an Internet link-up between them.
Canadian
doctor Mehran Anvari, a veteran of telemedicine experiments with past NEEMO
crews, directed the robot to suture a gash inside Aquarius. But instead of
working aboard Aquarius, or even aboard a surface ship, Anvari sat at a
workstation in the Canadian city of Hamilton, Ontario, where he directs the Center
for Minimal Access Surgery at McMaster University.
"It was
fantastic," said Anvari of the robot's performance, adding that he also
mentored the NEEMO 9 crew in medical procedures. "Last [mission], we had very
simple robotics and our traditional surgical robots could not fit inside the
habitat."
But for
NEEMO 9, the aquanauts constructed a small, portable robot equipped with
cameras and dexterous pincers to manipulate rock samples and suture needles.
A
two-second time delay - similar to that experienced in Earth-Moon
communications during NASA's Apollo missions - was also built into the system
to simulate a lunar manned mission.
"This also
has connotations for people on Earth," Anvari said of the telerobotic surgery. "A
two-second time delay is something that you'd experience if you have more than
one satellite hop for your communications to a remote area on Earth."
Anvari also
used the robot surgeon to transfer ocean floor rock samples collected by
Scuttle - a wheeled rover designed to test lunar robotic exploration techniques
- into a storage compartment.
Mary Sue
Bell, a planetary geologist at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas,
watched over the procedure, which she said reduces the risk of contamination
from human handlers.
"Even
[astronaut] gloves can present a contamination risk," Bell said.
Undersea
moonwalks
NEEMO 9
aquanauts did not leave all of the work in robot hands during their mission.
The crew also
toiled along side Scuttle to assemble underwater structures while wearing a
special backpack to simulate the gravitational tug of the Moon.
"We've
weighed them out to the same gravity they'd experience on the Moon, one-sixth
Earth's gravity," Garan said of the aquanaut 'moonwalkers.' "They assembled
what is essentially a communications relay station."
The 20-foot
(six-meter) structure is similar to one future astronauts may have to build on
the Moon in order to stay in contact with a lunar base camp on extended
moonwalks, the aquanauts said.
"The lunar
horizon is only about 1.5 miles (2.5 kilometers), and if they go beyond that we're
going to need to communicate," Garan added. "This structure would allow us to
extend our communications range out to 5.9 miles (9.5 kilometers)."
Garan said
all of the lessons learned from NEEMO 9 and future Aquarius expedition will be
pooled alongside NASA's Apollo experiences in a comprehensive database to
support the U.S. space agency's human space exploration efforts.
NASA has
used the Aquarius laboratory as a training ground for space station
crewmembers, including astronaut Jeffrey Williams who served aboard NEEMO 3 in
2002 and called the underwater outpost last week from the ISS, where he serves
as Expedition
13 flight engineer.
"One thing
that we don't have here that you guys have down there are all those little
critters outside," said Williams told the NEEMO 9 crew from orbit, adding that
his first few days aboard the ISS were exhausting. "I remember on Aquarius,
just sleeping very well. That was some of the best sleep I've ever had."
A
growing laboratory
Much of the
support for the NEEMO 9 crew - which includes wireless communications from the
ocean floor, as well as high-speed connections for video, data and Internet
access - has been due to a five-year effort to turn Aquarius from a coral reef
camp into a robust undersea laboratory.
"In the
course of these missions we've increased the bandwidth by 10 times for our
real-time data communications from the sea floor," Andy Shepard, NOAA's Undersea
Research Center director for Aquarius, told SPACE.com. "It was the big
leap forward that we needed to really make the lab what we needed."
About
$500,000 in NASA support over the last five years has allowed Aquarius - the last
of NOAA's saturation diving platforms - to reach its current state. The agency
is now working with NASA and the U.S. Navy to develop a mobile saturation
diving platform that could aid in submarine rescues and marine studies.
"We're now
looking for a suitable chamber that would be cost effective," Shepard said,
adding that the chamber would initially be used as an Aquarius extension. "We'd
start off by doubling the living area of Aquarius. It's one of the more
comfortable habitats...but we can use some more space."
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