This story was updated at 3:00 p.m. ET
The discovery of widespread but small amounts water on the
surface of the moon, announced yesterday, stands as one of the most surprising
findings in planetary science.
Three spacecraft picked up the signature
of water, not just in the frigid
polar craters where it has long been suspected to exist, but all over the
lunar surface, which was previously thought to be bone dry.
"Widespread water has been detected on the surface of
the moon," said planetary geologist Carle Pieters of Brown University in Rhode Island, who led one of the studies detailing the findings.
While the findings, detailed in the Sept. 25 issue of the
journal Science, don't mean there are pools of liquid water sitting on the
moon, it does mean that there is — entirely unexpectedly — water potentially tied
up or mixed in the minerals that make up the lunar dirt.
"What we're detecting is completely unexpected," Pieters
said. "The moon continues to surprise us."
The moon dirt would be akin to soil from an arid environment
like Arizona — it wouldn't feel wet to the touch, but there's certainly water
bound up in it, Pieters told SPACE.com.
This discovery may well revolutionize our understanding of
the nature of the moon's surface, experts say, and it has geologists eager to
go back to the moon and dig up some lunar dirt.
"I rank this as a game changer for lunar science," said University of Colorado astrophysicist Jack Burns, chair of the science committee for the
NASA Advisory Council. Burns was not involved in the new findings. "In my mind
this is possibly the most significant discovery about the moon since the Apollo
era."
Surprising findings
Samples of lunar rocks brought back to Earth by Apollo
astronauts had never shown any signs of water, leading scientists to presume
that the moon was bone dry, except for possible pockets of water ice in
permanently shadowed craters at the moon's south pole.
But the new observations, from the NASA-built Moon
Mineralogy Mapper (M3) on India's Chandrayaan-1 satellite, NASA's Cassini
spacecraft and NASA's Deep Impact probe call into question 40 years of
assumptions on the make-up of the lunar surface.
"If it stands, then that really changes our understanding of
the lunar surface," said Ray Arvidson, a planetary scientist at Washington University in Saint Louis who also was not involved in the new studies.
"Really, the moon is much more than a gray body in
orbit around the Earth," said Rob Green, of NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and the project instrument scientist for M3.
All three spacecraft detected the spectral signature of
water (the wavelengths of light that it reflects) across the lunar surface. The
signal, or fingerprint of water, was strongest at the lunar poles. The signal
also varied in strength depending on the time of day, with the most robust
signals coming early in the morning and the lowest at midday.
"The entire surface of the moon will be hydrated during
at least part of the lunar day," said Jessica Sunshine, of the University of Maryland and the deputy principal investigator for NASA's Deep Impact
extended mission and co-investigator for M3.
The detection from Chandrayaan came first and took the team
members by surprise; they first thought it was error in the data that would
have to be calibrated for. But no matter what errors they accounted for, the
signal still showed up. The data from Cassini and Deep Impact clinched the
discovery.
"The rest is history now. It is completely
conclusive," Pieters, the principal investigator for M3, said.
The signal actually indicates the presence of both water
molecules and hydroxyl — an oxygen atom and hydrogen atom bonded
together, or essentially water missing one of its hydrogens. Hydroxyl is more
reactive than water. What minerals bear the hydroxyl isn't clear, though
examples of hydroxyl-bearing minerals on Earth are the various clays.
How much of each type of molecule exist on the surface can't
be determined from the data, but suffice it to say the lunar soil couldn't be
called wet.
"Even the driest deserts on the Earth have more water
than are at the poles and surfaces, as we've presented here, of the moon,"
said Jim Green, director of the Planetary Science Division of the Science
Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
The exact form that the water takes on the lunar surface
isn't clear with the data the scientists have, either, though they have several
ideas: The water could be mixed in to the lunar surface or could be a part of
altered minerals present in the lunar dirt.
"We do not know precisely," Pieters said.
It also remains a mystery how the water and hydroxyl formed,
though some of the scientists who made the discovery suggest it could be from
the interaction
of the solar wind with the lunar surface.
Polar water
The findings come just as NASA's Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCROSS impactor are set to explore the the lunar
south pole craters looking for water ice.
"Much to our surprise, we found [water] elsewhere,"
Pieters said.
What the new observations are seeing is "water in a
different mode on the surface altogether," she added, as the polar crater
water ice is thought to be in solid clumps on the surface, while the newly
detected water is attached to surface minerals.
More water could also be stuck underneath the surface as
strong water signals were found in fresh craters, but not in the area around
them, suggesting they might have churned up water-rich dirt.
The new findings, though, could help explain how the water
ice got to the lunar poles. The fluctuating signals seen throughout the day
could indicate that the water is migrating across the surface toward colder,
higher latitudes and eventually the poles.
"If the water molecules are as mobile as we think they
are — even a fraction of them — they provide a mechanism for getting water to
those permanently shadowed craters," Pieters said.
When water is heated, it evaporates and moves off the
surface, but gravity can snatch it back down. If the water molecules aren't
swept away by the solar wind or some other force, they could be re-deposited in
a different spot. If that spot is colder, they're more likely to stick longer,
so slowly, the water would tend to move from warmer to colder spots, in this
case, the lunar poles.
This type of migration is actually seen on other bodies in
the solar system including Jupiter's moon Ganymede and Saturn's moon Iapetus.
"So we see this kind of migration on other bodies, so
it's just a surprise to see it working on the moon," said Roger Clark, of
the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver and a team member for the Cassini
spacecraft and a co-investigator for Chandrayaan-1.
But whether the signals actually show moving water or just
water being created and destroyed daily can't be determined with the current data
and would take a dedicated orbiter to tease apart, Pieters said. There is still
a lot that isn't understood about the interaction between the lunar surface and
the vacuum surrounding it.
"There's a lot of unknowns that we need to work
out," Sunshine said.
"We need to go back obviously," Pieters said.
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