In 1995, Comet
73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 did something unexpected: it fell apart.
For no apparent reason, the
comet's nucleus split into at least three "mini-comets"
flying single file through space. Astronomers watched with interest, but the
view was blurry even through large telescopes. The comet was a hundred and
fifty million miles away.
We're about to get a much
closer look. In May 2006 the fragments are going to fly past Earth closer than
any comet has come in almost eighty years.
"This is a rare
opportunity to watch a comet in its death throes--from very close range,"
says Don Yeomans, head of NASA's Near Earth Object Program at JPL.
There's no danger of a
collision. "Goodness, no," says Yeomans. "The closest fragment
will be about six million miles away--or twenty-five times farther than the
Moon." That's close without actually being scary.
The flyby is a big deal.
"The Hubble Space Telescope will be watching," says Yeomans.
"Also, the giant Arecibo radar in Puerto Rico will 'ping' the fragments to
determine their shape and spin."
Even backyard astronomers
will be able to take pictures as the mini-comets file through the
constellations Cygnus and Pegasus on May
12, 13
and 14.
Ironically, despite being
so close, these comets will not be very bright. The largest fragments are
expected to glow like 3rd or 4th magnitude stars, which are only dimly visible
to the unaided eye.
"Remember," says Yeomans,
"these are mini-comets."
They're not like the Great
Comets Hayutake and Hale-Bopp of 1996 and 1997. Those could be seen with the
naked eye from light-polluted cities. The fragments of 73P, on the other hand,
are best viewed from the countryside--and don't forget your binoculars.
The number of fragments is
constantly changing. When the breakup
began in 1995 there were only three: A, B and C. Astronomers now count at
least eight: big fragments B and C plus smaller fragments G, H, J, L, M and N.
"It looks as though
some of the fragments are themselves forming their own sub-fragments,"
says Yeomans, which means the number could multiply further as 73P approaches.
No knows how long the "string of pearls" will be when it finally
arrives.
This is very uncertain;
indeed, forecasters consider it unlikely. But an expanding cloud of dust from
the 1995 break-up of the comet could brush past Earth in May 2006 producing a
display of meteors.
"We believe the cloud
is expanding too slowly to reach Earth only eleven years after the
break-up," said astronomer Paul Wiegert at the University of Western Ontario. "but it all depends on what caused the comet to fly
apart--and that we don't know.
"The most likely
explanation is thermal stress, with the icy nucleus cracking like an ice cube
dropped into hot soup: the comet broke apart as it approached the Sun after a
long sojourn the frigid outer solar system," he explains. "If this is
truly what happened, then the debris cloud should be expanding slowly, and
there will be no strong meteor shower."
On the other hand, what if
"the comet was shattered by a hit from a small interplanetary
boulder?" A violent collision could produce faster-moving debris that would
reach Earth in 2006.
Wiegert expects to see
nothing, but he encourages sky watchers to be alert. It wouldn't be the first
time a dying comet produced a meteor shower:
"One outstanding
example is comet Biela, which was seen to split in 1846, and had completely
broken apart by 1872," he says. "At least three very intense meteor
showers (3000-15000 meteors per hour) were produced by this dying comet in
1872, 1885 and 1892."
Assuming a thermal breakup
for 73P, Wiegert and colleagues have calculated the most likely trajectory of
its dust cloud. Their results: dust should reach Earth in 2022, "producing
a minor meteor shower--nothing spectacular. However," he adds, "the
ongoing splitting of the comet means new meteoroids are being sent in new
directions, so a future strong meteor shower from 73P remains a real
possibility."
The watch begins on May
12th.
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