This
story was updated at 1:40 p.m. EDT.
The first
spacesuits Apollo astronauts wore on the moon 40 years ago were designed before
humans ever experienced the lunar environment. While the suits did their job
and protected the first moonwalkers from the harshness of space, they left some
room for improvement.
On July 20,
1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin donned their bulky
suits for the first
moonwalk in history. It lasted about 2 1/2 hours.
The new
spacesuits being designed for NASA's return
to the moon by 2020 as part of the Constellation program are set to be much
more sophisticated. As second-generation moon suits, they will be sturdier,
easier to move around in, and should be able to recycle resources such as
oxygen and water.
Many of
these upgrades will be necessary because when humans revisit the moon, they plan
to stay longer.
"One
of the key tenets of this return to the moon and beyond is not to go and check
things out and go home," said Frank Peri, director of NASA's Exploration Technology
Development Program at the Langley Research Center in Virginia. "The
future of exploration is really different than it was back in the 60s."
Rather than
visit the moon for hours, as in Apollo, Constellation moon missions are slated
to last days and even months. So the spacesuits will have to withstand a lot
more use.
Reuse,
recycle
The suits
will also have to recycle more resources, since the spaceship cannot carry all
of the oxygen and water needed for the crew's entire stay.
"Part
of the sustainability of living on the moon is going to be how to recycle these
things," Peri said in a phone interview. "On a three-day jaunt every
little piece of stuff you bring with you, you've got to use. You can't just
find garbage bins. You've got to be very careful to protect the environment of
the moon for future generations."
The suits
will have equipment to filter water from sweat and urine back into potable
drinking water, using a similar technique to a system in place on the
International Space Station. The suits will also have on fuel cells for power.
However,
even though the new suits will have many added abilities, they will have to be
lighter than the current suits in use for spacewalks outside the space station,
because of weight limitations on the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle that the
astronauts will ride in.
"Our
biggest challenge is weight and volume constraint," said Jim Buchli,
Constellation Space Suit System program manager at Oceaneering International, a
company that has contracted with NASA to develop the first
Constellation suits. "Typically a suit that provides the protection
you're looking for is not small. The current EMU [the life support backpack
worn by spacewalking astronauts] on station and shuttle is over 300 pounds. We
need to come way down from there."
Dust
protection
A major
limitation of the Apollo suits was their degradation due to the ubiquitous
lunar dust, which wore down many instruments. It had a particularly
damaging effect on the astronauts' spacesuits.
"The
joints they used were practically on the edge of failure because of that
abrasive dust," Peri said. "We can't tolerate that kind of
failure."
The new
suits will be built with new, more dust-resistant materials, with fortified
joints to keep out the fine particles.
"You're
likely going to see a suit that is comfortable to wear, fairly lightweight,
with maneuverability so you can move within the cockpit of the Orion module and
get in and out of the module," Buchli told SPACE.com. "All
those things to some degree have been provided by earlier suits, but we're
using new materials that are available and have better capability."
Forty
years after astronauts first set foot on the moon, SPACE.com examines what
wešve done since and whether America has the right stuff to get back to the
moon by 2020 and reach beyond. For exclusive interviews and analysis, visit
SPACE.com daily through July 20, the anniversary of the historic landing. Editor's
note: This story has been corrected to reflect the effect of abrasive moon dust
on astronaut equipment.
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