A citizen scientist used old telescope data to find a trove of binary star systems that include what are sometimes dubbed "failed stars."
These stars, also known as brown dwarfs, are mysterious objects with more than 12 times the mass of Jupiter and less than half the mass of the sun. Scientists have long debated whether these objects are more like stars or very large planets, and the new detections might help settle the issue. Even with the best computing technology, humans still have an advantage spotting brown dwarfs in astronomical data, and that's where citizen science enters the scene.
"Modern astronomy archives contain an immense treasure trove of data and often harbor major discoveries just waiting to be noticed," Aaron Meisner, who helps lead the project and is an astronomer at National Science Foundation's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab), said in a statement.
Related: Brown dwarfs: The coolest stars or the hottest planets?
Zooniverse's Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 project focuses on spotting brown dwarfs, and it was within that project that amateur astronomer Frank Kiwy spotted the new discoveries. Kiwy was poring through a catalog of 4 billion celestial objects in the National Science Foundation's NOIRLab (National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory) Source Catalog DR2, looking for objects that share the same color as brown dwarfs.
Kiwy's work uncovered 2,500 potential such ultracool dwarfs. A further search of the catalog for objects that may orbit a companion detected 34 such binary star systems. In each system, the ultracool dwarf is joined by a white dwarf, the stellar core that remains after a sun-like star runs out of fuel.
In each newfound system, the two stars are relatively close to each other. In the closest binary pair, the stars were separated by 170 astronomical units. (One astronomical unit equals the distance between the Earth and sun, equaling about 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers.) The largest separation was 8,500 astronomical units. By comparison, our sun is roughly 253,000 astronomical units from the nearest star system, Alpha Centauri.
"I love the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 project!" Kiwy said of his participation. "If you're a person who is curious and not afraid to learn something new, this might be the right thing for you."
A paper based on the research was published Wednesday (June 6) in the Astronomical Journal. A preprint version is available on arXiv.org.
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