UPDATE: Story first
posted 11:00 a.m.
WASHINGTON - NASA officials have confirmed
that the DART rendezvous spacecraft bumped into its target satellite 760
kilometers above the Earth during an April 15 mission that ended early when the
$110 million experimental spacecraft ran out of fuel faster than expected.
"The DART
spacecraft did make contact with the target satellite during the rendezvous
phase of the mission and boosted it into a slightly higher orbit," NASA
spokeswoman Kim Newton said April 22.
Newton said neither DART (Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous
Technology) nor its target satellite, a retired U.S. military spacecraft dubbed
Multiple Path Beyond Line of Site Communication (Mublcom) satellite, appeared to have been damaged in the
incident.
"There is
no evidence that the DART spacecraft or the Mublcom
satellite received any damage at contact," she said.
The DART
program was managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.
The spacecraft itself was built and launched by Orbital Sciences Corp., a
Dulles, Va.-based NASA contractor.
Orbital
Sciences also built Mublcom, a 48-kilogram
experimental communications satellite that was built for the Pentagon's Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency and launched in 1999 aboard a Pegasus rocket,
the same kind of rocket that carried DART aloft April 15.
DART, was
designed to approach within 5 meters of Mublcom
without any guidance from spacecraft operators on the ground and perform a
series of maneuvers. The entire mission was expected to last less than 24
hours.
NASA
initially reported that the self-guided DART spacecraft closed to within about
100 meters of Mublcom before DART's
onboard computer detected that it had prematurely exhausted its onboard
propellant. The computer then called off the approach.
In an April
16 conference call with reporters, DART Program Manager Jim Snoddy
said that once DART exhausted its fuel, the spacecraft executed a
pre-programmed plan to back off from the target and place itself in a
retirement orbit meant to ensure its eventual re-entry into the Earth's
atmosphere. Snoddy said DART accomplished some but
not all of its mission objectives and that NASA would be convening a mishap
investigation board to determine what caused DART's
mission to end early.
NASA has
since revised its understanding of what happened during DART and Mublcom's close encounter.
The first
indication that DART hit Mublcom came from ground
controllers at Orbital Sciences who detected that the military satellite was in
a slightly higher orbit than it was before its encounter with DART, according
to Newton.
Newton said Marshall
officials first found out late in the day on April 20
that Mublcom's orbit appeared to have changed. She
said the change of altitude was confirmed by the U.S. Air Force Space Command's
NORAD tracking station.
NASA
received only a limited amount of telemetry data from DART while the mission
was still in progress. Newton
said a further detailed review of DART on-orbit mission data confirmed that the
spacecraft made contact with its target.
Newton said after contact, "DART went on
to complete its planned retirement phase and is still working, and
communications from Mublcom show that it is still
fully functional."
DART is in a
planned retirement orbit intended to keep the spacecraft aloft for years to
come. The spacecraft is being tracked by the ground and is expected to re-enter
the atmosphere and burn up sometime within the next 25 years, Newton said.
NASA has
picked Marshall
engineer Scott Croomes to
lead the DART mishap investigation board.
Croomes,
the deputy manager of Marshall's
test laboratory, said during a brief interview April 22 that the rest of the
board members would be announced by NASA headquarters by the end of the day.
"We are
just in the initial stages of getting the team together and we anticipate
getting into full swing next week," he said.
Croomes
said the board is required to report back to NASA headquarters within 75 days.
Orbital
Sciences President J.R. Thompson, during an April 21 conference call on the
company's first-quarter earnings, told analysts that DART may have hit Mublcom.
"There is
some data to suggest that indeed it got a lot closer [than 100 meters], and
perhaps even touched the target," Thompson said. "All other DART systems
performed as expected."
Thompson
said DART's fuel supply was used more quickly than
planned "due to excessive propulsion system thrusting caused by noisy GPS
system inputs," a conclusion that would suggest DART's
GPS-based navigation system did not receive clear information once the mission
began.
NASA
originally developed the DART mission to test technologies for the Orbital
Space Plane project, which has been canceled. However, space agency officials
have said they consider autonomous rendezvous capabilities important to
missions as diverse as Mars sample return, satellite servicing and delivering
cargo to the international space station.
NASA
proponents of servicing the Hubble Space Telescope robotically frequently
pointed to the DART mission as a confidence-building demonstration of some of
the approach and rendezvous technologies that would be needed to fix Hubble
without astronauts.
A National
Academy of Sciences panel, in a report issued late last year, said it felt many
of the technologies needed to mount a robotic Hubble repair mission were not
ready.
NASA
Administrator Mike Griffin said much the same thing April 18 during his first
press conference, pronouncing the robotic servicing option "off the table."
Peter B. de Selding
contributed to this report.