The Milky Way Galaxy Is Growing Faster Than the Speed of Sound

Needle Galaxy NGC 4565
NGC 4565, a spiral galaxy estimated to be 30 million to 50 million light-years away. (Image credit: Ken Crawford)

Our Milky Way galaxy is growing faster than the speed of sound as new stars pop up in its hinterlands, a new study suggests.

"The Milky Way is pretty big already," study lead author Cristina Martínez-Lombilla, a doctoral candidate at the Astrophysics Institute of the Canary Islands, which is based on the island of Tenerife, said in a statement.

"But our work shows that at least the visible part of it is slowly increasing in size, as stars form on the galactic outskirts," Martínez-Lombilla added. "It won't be quick, but if you could travel forward in time and look at the galaxy in 3 billion years' time, it would be about 5 percent bigger than [it is] today." [Stunning Photos of Our Milky Way Galaxy (Gallery)]

The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy about 100,000 light-years wide that harbors several hundred billion stars. (Scientists aren't sure of the exact number.) It's tough to gauge the galaxy's growth directly because we're in the middle of it. So Martínez-Lombilla and her team looked to other spiral galaxies as a guide.

The researchers analyzed the outer reaches of a number of spiral galaxies, using optical-light data gathered by the ground-based Sloan Digital Sky Survey and near-ultraviolet and near-infrared information collected by NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) and Spitzer space telescopes, respectively. (Both GALEX and Spitzer launched in 2003. GALEX was decommissioned in 2013, but Spitzer remains operational today.)

A composite image of NGC 4565 used in the new study. (Image credit: C. M. Lombilla/IAC)

The star birth and movement the team observed indicate that galaxies like the Milky Way are expanding at about 1,100 mph (1,770 km/h) — 1.4 times the speed of sound at sea level here on Earth. 

In the Milky Way's case, this relatively gradual growth will be swamped in about 4 billion years by a dramatic event: a collision with the spiral galaxy Andromeda. The two spirals will merge to form the "Milkdromeda" mega-galaxy, astronomers say.

Martínez-Lombilla presented the new results April 3 at the European Week of Astronomy and Space Science conference in Liverpool, England.

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Mike Wall
Senior Space Writer

Michael Wall is a Senior Space Writer with Space.com and joined the team in 2010. He primarily covers exoplanets, spaceflight and military space, but has been known to dabble in the space art beat. His book about the search for alien life, "Out There," was published on Nov. 13, 2018. Before becoming a science writer, Michael worked as a herpetologist and wildlife biologist. He has a Ph.D. in evolutionary biology from the University of Sydney, Australia, a bachelor's degree from the University of Arizona, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. To find out what his latest project is, you can follow Michael on Twitter.