The historic sunspot region that sparked the record-breaking auroras of May 2024 has returned.
AR3723 is the returning version of sunspot AR3697 and before that AR3664 — which was responsible for the colossal G5 geomagnetic storm that triggered epic auroras around the world. The emerging region will likely receive multiple designations due to its fragmentation, according to space weather physicist Tamitha Skov's post on X.
The sun's rotation period averages 27 days, which means Earth can view a given active region for around two weeks before it rotates over the sun's western edge. Newly emerging active regions rotating onto the sun's eastern edge are given a new active region number due to the historical inability to track an active region around the back of the sun.
The sunspot region is making a rare third trip across the Earthside of the sun, but what can we expect from this hyperactive region?
Related: The sun's magnetic field is about to flip. Here's what to expect.
Though the sunspot region has fragmented and is only a fraction of its former size its magnetic makeup continues to produce powerful solar flares.
A few days ago on June 23, the region unleashed a powerful M9.3-class solar flare, peaking at 9:01 a.m. EDT (1301 GMT) according to Spaceweatherlive.com. The eruption was just points away from being classified as an X-flare, the most powerful class of solar flare.
The solar flare triggered moderate shortwave radio blackouts across Western Europe and Africa. Such radio blackouts are common after powerful solar flare eruptions due to the strong pulses of X-rays and extreme ultraviolet radiation emitted during these events. The radiation travels toward Earth at the speed of light and ionizes (gives an electrical charge to) the top of Earth's atmosphere when it reaches us.
This ionization creates a higher-traffic environment for high-frequency shortwave radio signals to navigate through in order to support communication over long distances. Radio waves that interact with electrons in the ionized layers lose energy due to more frequent collisions, and this can lead to radio signals becoming degraded or completely absorbed.
Scientists will be keeping a watchful eye on this region as it produced 28 M-class flares and 6 X-class flares during its last rotation as AR3697. Aurora chasers will be hoping for some strong solar activity in the coming days as the sunspot region turns to face Earth.
Editor's note: This story was updated on June 27 to reflect that the returning sunspot region will likely receive multiple designations due to its fragmentation.
