Milky Way's cannibalistic past illuminated by ancient star's life story

This image from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) shows part of the southern sky, including the location of ν Indi (blue circle), the plane of the Milky Way (bottom left) and the southern ecliptic pole (top).

(Image credit: J. T. Mackereth)

A planet-hunting telescope recently made a new discovery about the Milky Way's past cannibalism.

Data from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) showed the age of an ancient star in our galaxy that has a curious life story.

The star is called v Indi and is located in the southern-sky constellation Indus. Scientists discovered that the star is 11.5 billion years old. What's more, a partnership with the European Space Agency's Gaia telescope showed that v Indi's motion changed forever after a galactic collision, according to new research.

"This exciting study … has provided us with a more precise date of when the smaller Gaia-Enceladus galaxy was swallowed by the young Milky Way," Barry Smalley, a co-author on the research and a senior lecturer at Keele University in the U.K., said in a statement. "While this occurred over 10 billion years ago, the evidence is still strewn across the night sky, allowing us to piece together events that happened early in the history of our galaxy."

The primary mission of TESS is to spot planets crossing in front of their parent star, but the spacecraft's instruments can be repurposed for many other types of investigations. For this study, TESS used a technique called asteroseismology to track the oscillations of the star to estimate its age. Scientists then combined that work with observations from other ground and space observatories.

Illustration of TESS, NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite — An artist's illustration of NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite in space. (Image credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)

The resulting analysis suggested that v Indi was born in the Milky Way's halo (or gassy fringe), and that it was "kinematically heated" by the Gaia-Enceladus collision. The age of the star also implies that the galactic merger would have begun roughly between 11.6 billion and 13.2 billion years ago.

"Since the motion of ν Indi was affected by the Gaia-Enceladus collision, the collision must have happened once the star had formed," said lead author William Chaplin, a lecturer in astrophysics at the United Kingdom's University of Birmingham, in a statement from his institution. "That is how we have been able to use the asteroseismically determined age to place new limits on when the Gaia-Enceladus event occurred."

The research was published Jan. 13 in the journal Nature Astronomy.

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Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., was a staff writer in the spaceflight channel between 2022 and 2024 specializing in Canadian space news. She was contributing writer for Space.com for 10 years from 2012 to 2024. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House, leading world coverage about a lost-and-found space tomato on the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, flying parabolic, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Her latest book, "Why Am I Taller?" (ECW Press, 2022) is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams.

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1 Comment Comment from the forums

rod

Admin said:
A planet-hunting telescope recently made a new discovery about the Milky Way's past cannibalism.

Milky Way's cannibalistic past illuminated by ancient star's life story : Read more

"The resulting analysis suggested that v Indi was born in the Milky Way's halo (or gassy fringe), and that it was "kinematically heated" by the Gaia-Enceladus collision. The age of the star also implies that the galactic merger would have begun roughly between 11.6 billion and 13.2 billion years ago."

Fits well with Spitzer finds on cosmic high noon. Star formation rates in the Big Bang model are winding down now, not up like globular clusters, main sequence turn-off points, burning down.

"Combined with multiwavelength data from other instruments, these results show that star formation across the universe peaked between 2.3 and 3.8 billion years after the Big Bang and has been decreasing ever since. Astronomers refer to this period of rampant starbirth as cosmic high noon."

Spitzer's Legacy, Sky & Telescope 139(1):18-25, 2020, January 2020 issue.

The Earth was not there according to the Big Bang model during cosmic high noon. Today we orbit a very stable Sun and very habitable Earth.
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