Tiny 14-inch satellite studies 'hot Jupiter' exoplanets evaporating into space

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By Keith Cooper
published

A small ultraviolet telescope in a cubesat has been watching the atmospheres of some hot Jupiters evaporate.

An artist's illustration of a planet with an evaporating trail of matter running behind it. A giant star is in the background.
An illustration of a hot Jupiter with its atmosphere blowing off. (Image credit: ESA/Alfred Vidal-Madjar (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, France)/NASA.)

While watching the atmosphere of seven "hot Jupiters" blow away, a suitcase-sized cubesat has  found some surprising variations in how quickly the giant, bloated worlds are evaporating.

CUTE, which stands for the Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment, was launched in September 2021 and orbits the Earth at an altitude of 525 kilometers (326 miles). It is armed with a single ultraviolet CCD camera that watches for transits of giant exoplanets.

Hot Jupiters are gas giants like Jupiter, except for the fact they migrated closer to their respective stars over time and ended up orbiting at a distance of just a few million kilometers. Being so close to their stars, heat causes the gases of these planets' atmospheres to expand. The hotter the atmosphere, the more bloated a planet becomes — and the more bloated and diffuse a planet becomes, the easier it is for a star's radiation wind, like the sun's solar wind, to blow the atmosphere away. Often, these evaporating worlds sport comet-like tails formed by their atmospheres streaming away.

CUTE has studied seven hot Jupiters so far, watching them transit their stars and detecting the silhouettes of gases such as iron, magnesium and hydroxyl. Such detection was possible because, as material gets blown away from the planets, that material absorbs some of the starlight. Scientists are therefore able to look at absorption patterns and deduce chemical signatures. However, of these seven worlds, some seem to be evaporating while others are holding firm in the face of the radiation onslaught from their star.

"The planets seem to be coming in all of the flavors," Kevin France, the mission's principal investigator from the University of Colorado, Boulder, said in a statement.

Related: Mars' atmosphere swelled like a balloon when solar wind stopped blowing. Scientists are thrilled

The CUTE mission patch. (Image credit: LASP)

For example, CUTE watched the hot Jupiter WASP-189b transit its star, which is 300 light-years away from us in the constellation of Libra, the Scales. CUTE discovered that WASP-189b is losing material from its atmosphere at the incredible rate of 400 million kilograms (900 million pounds) per second.

On the other hand, another hot Jupiter designated MASCARA-4b (MASCARA stands for Multi-site All-Sky Camera), which is three times the mass of Jupiter and orbiting a star 557 light-years away, was found to not be losing any detectable gas at all. 

In the middle of these two extremes is another three-Jupiter-mass planet, KELT-9b (named after the Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope in Arizona and South Africa). It is located 667 light-years away, and is actually the hottest exoplanet known with a dayside temperature of 4,300 degrees Celsius (7,800 degrees Fahrenheit). Yet. the team saw, it was only losing a modest amount of gas from its atmosphere.

The Systems Engineer for CUTE, Rick Kohnert, and former graduate student Arika Egan, with the CUTE satellite before launch.   (Image credit: LASP)

Although there are no firm explanations yet for why some planets seem to be blowing in the stellar breeze while others are not, France suspects it is a combination of a planet's gravitational strength in holding onto its atmosphere and the amount of activity on the star that controls the fierceness of the gusts of radiation.

CUTE has many more hot Jupiters to target before its mission ends in 2027, at which point the little 14-inch-long (35.6-centimeter-long) cubesat will fall back into Earth's atmosphere and simultaneously burn up.

Beyond hot Jupiters, the mission, which was partly built by undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Colorado, Boulder, might also help astronomers better understand smaller worlds too.

Related Stories:

— New 'warm Jupiter' exoplanet discovered by NASA's planet-hunting satellite

— Some exoplanets are shrinking. Here's why

— Star blows giant exoplanet's atmosphere away, leaving massive tail in its wake

"There's a lot of evidence that suggests that super-Earths begin as planets the size of Neptune with large, puffy atmospheres, which then lose so much mass that all that is left is the rocky core and possibly a thin atmosphere," said France.

Even in our own solar system, the red planet Mars has lost much of its water and atmosphere in general to the solar wind, and continues to do so as NASA’s MAVEN mission has been measuring. Understanding the process on the large scales of hot Jupiters could provide insights into how smaller worlds like Mars are rendered airless.

The findings from CUTE were presented at the 2023 meeting of the American Geophysical Union, in San Francisco.

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Keith Cooper
Keith Cooper
Contributing writer

Keith Cooper is a freelance science journalist and editor in the United Kingdom, and has a degree in physics and astrophysics from the University of Manchester. He's the author of "The Contact Paradox: Challenging Our Assumptions in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" (Bloomsbury Sigma, 2020) and has written articles on astronomy, space, physics and astrobiology for a multitude of magazines and websites.

1 Comment Comment from the forums
  • rod
    Properties for WASP-189 b is here, https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/wasp_189_b--6871/
    Space.com reported, "Beyond hot Jupiters, the mission, which was partly built by undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Colorado, Boulder, might also help astronomers better understand smaller worlds too. There's a lot of evidence that suggests that super-Earths begin as planets the size of Neptune with large, puffy atmospheres, which then lose so much mass that all that is left is the rocky core and possibly a thin atmosphere," said France."

    My observation. Our solar system has no super-earth analog planets and thus planets that formed much larger, closer to the Sun, and lost most of their early atmospheres to space and end up a super-earth today. A six exoplanet system with all six exoplanets are super-earths was recently reported too, all inside where we see Venus today in our solar system, orbiting a star a bit more than 1 solar mass.

    The TESS-Keck Survey XVII: Precise Mass Measurements in a Young, High Multiplicity Transiting Planet System using Radial Velocities and Transit Timing Variations, https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.04635
    My note, from the 33-page PDF report, "Here we present a follow-up analysis of TOI-1136, a system with at least six transiting planets first characterized by Dai et al. (2023, hereafter D23), and a candidate seventh. TOI-1136 is a young (700 ± 100 Myr), bright (V=9.5) G dwarf that has several planets that exhibit significant transit timing variations (TTVs), allowing for the precise characterization of most planet masses with photometry alone...TOI-1136 consists entirely of sub-Neptune sized planets, likely none of them terrestrial. Further, none are large enough to call gas giants, either, and the planet sizes do not follow any clear sequence or demarcation, with the largest planet third from the star. We highlight the architectural differences in Figure 9. TOI-1136’s youth is yet another distinguishing feature that adds to the system’s value.", ref - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.04635.pdf.

    Concerning WASP-189 b, the atmosphere mass loss seems high.

    Ref - CUTE Reveals Escaping Metals in the Upper Atmosphere of the Ultrahot Jupiter WASP-189b, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acef1c, 31-August-2023.

    My note, the reference paper states. “The best-fit model implies a mass-loss rate of about 4 × 10^8 kg s^−1, which is more than 300 times higher than the mass-loss rate predicted by our reference model. This new mass-loss rate, however, is still consistent with stellar XUV energy-limited mass-loss rate (e.g., Erkaev et al. 2007) with a heating efficiency of about 10% in the upper atmosphere (assuming that escape is powered by stellar radiation at 0.1–100 nm, which is conservative in this case). The best-fit temperature profile is also significantly hotter than the reference model temperature profile in the upper atmosphere. This could be explained either by an additional source of direct heating or lower radiative cooling rates. The difference between the observed transit depths that coincide with the Fe ii lines and the best-fit model could arise from uncertainties in photoionization and recombination rates. A higher fraction of Fe ii over Fe iii could produce a larger transit depth that is still consistent with solar abundances.”

    My note. Extrapolating the mass loss rate for 0.8E+9 years, ~ 1.009E+25 kg atmosphere loss. The Moon is about 7.3 x 10^22 kg. The Earth is about 5.97E+24 kg mass.
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