NASA astronautJohn Phillips briefed a congressional panel on the merits of the InternationalSpace Station (ISS) Tuesday while circling the Earth aboard the orbitalresearch facility.
Phillips, scienceofficer and flight engineer for ISS Expedition 11, is NASA's first astronaut totestify before a congressional committee from space. He joined two other spacestation veterans, Expedition 5flight engineer Peggy Whitson and Expedition 9flight engineer Michael Fincke, who spoke to committee members from the ground.
"Onboardthe International Space Station, we are the experiment," Phillips said viasatellite link from inside the station's U.S.-built Destiny laboratory. "We aretrying to learn as much about human spaceflight as we can."
Phillipsand his fellow astronauts spoke before members of the House ScienceSubcommittee on Space and Aeronautics. Of primary interest to committee memberswere the challenges faced by ISS astronauts, the space outpost's scientificpayoffs and its role in the future human exploration once NASA's shuttleprogram retires in 2010.
"We can'tbe flying at $1 billion a flight and expect to keep flying a space shuttle,"said Congressman and subcommittee member Dana Rohrabacher (R-California). "Thecosts have to be lowered."
Phillips toldsubcommittee members that the space station is about only half-built and awaitsdelivery of additional support trusses, pressurized nodes, modules andlaboratories, each anticipating its turn to launch aboard a NASA space shuttle.Two new laboratories - Japan's Kibo module and Europe's Columbus module - stillremain Earthbound, but could boost the number of ISS astronauts up to crews ofsix when finally delivered to the station, he added.
"Ourexperimental time is somewhat limited now," Phillips said. "[But] when there aresix people aboard, there will be a lot more experimentation."
Previously,ISS crews and flight controllers depended on NASA space shuttles to deliver newstation components and bulky replacement parts that are too large to rideaboard Russian Progress cargo vehicles. But NASA's shuttle fleet has beengrounded since the 2003 loss of the space shuttle Columbia and its astronautcrew during reentry.
"One of thethings brought home by the Columbia accident is that we need to stamp outcomplacency anywhere it exists," Phillips told the subcommittee. "[Spaceflight]is not like getting on an airliner, we strap ourselves on a rocket and thereare some risks."
Dangers toastronaut health are among the spaceflight risks astronauts and flightcontrollers hope to better understand via ISS research, Fincke said.
"Aboard thespace station, I lost a fair amount of bone mass, about six percent," Fincke said,adding that he managed to regain that lost bone mass after returning to Earthfrom his 187-day mission. "That's accelerated osteoporosis, and byunderstanding how we lose [bone mass], how we limit it and how we can get itback, there are some direct applications to those of us on the ground."
Whitsontold subcommittee members that the current resupply needs of the ISS, which requiresthe steady arrival of unmanned Progress spacecraft every six months to supportthe outpost's two-person crews, are too great for a future moon base or Marsstation.
"We need tobuild hardware at a much higher level of maintenance," Whitson said.
- Complete Coverage: ISS Expedition 11
- Fixing NASA: Complete Coverage of Space Shuttle Return to Flight
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