Rocket debris from China's space station launch is falling back to Earth — but where?

The Long March 5B rocket carrying the core module of China's space station, Tianhe, blasts off from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on April 29, 2021.
The Long March 5B rocket carrying the core module of China's space station, Tianhe, blasts off from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site on April 29, 2021. (Image credit: Hua Jiajun/VCG/Getty)

A large Chinese rocket is set to make an uncontrolled reentry back into Earth's atmosphere, but it is not yet clear exactly where or when the debris will hit our planet.

China's Long March 5B rocket is "unpredictably" falling back to Earth after launching a part of the new T-shaped Chinese space station on Thursday local time in Wenchang, according to SpaceNews. The 22.5-metric-ton Tianhe space station module is in its correct orbit after separating as planned from the core stage of the rocket, which is now expected to re-enter in a few days or about a week.

"It will be one of the largest instances of uncontrolled reentry of a spacecraft and could potentially land on an inhabited area," SpaceNews said. That said, the more likely possibility is the core stage will fall in an uninhabited place like Earth's oceans, which cover 70% of the planet. The odds of a particular individual being hit by space debris are exceedingly low, once estimated at 1 in several trillion.

Related: Chinese rocket booster appears to crash near school during Gaofen 11 satellite launch

Plotting the trajectory of this falling rocket stage is difficult, if not impossible because there are too many uncertainties involved in calculating the effect of the atmospheric drag on the core module. Earth's atmosphere can expand or contract with solar activity, making it hard to estimate exactly when and where the rocket will come down. 

"The high speed of the rocket body means it orbits the Earth roughly every 90 minutes and so a change of just a few minutes in reentry time results in reentry point thousands of kilometers away," SpaceNews said, adding that the object's orbital inclination of 41.5 degrees means it "passes a little farther north than New York, Madrid and Beijing and as far south as southern Chile and Wellington, New Zealand, and could make its reentry at any point within this area."

People watch a Long March 5B rocket, carrying China's Tianhe space station core module, as it lifts off from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in southern China's Hainan province on April 29, 2021.  (Image credit: STR/AFP/Getty)

The rocket's anticipated return numbers among several large debris events of the last few decades, including the Chinese Tiangong space station and Europe's Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE). That said, most of the debris tends to burn up in the atmosphere and only the very largest pieces would come down to the ground. Launching states also generally try their best to point a returning piece of debris back to Earth and to give estimates for where it may fall.

On Twitter, spaceflight observer and Harvard University astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell plotted the return of the Long March 5B against other large debris events, not least of which was the uncontrolled return of NASA's 76-ton Skylab space station nearly 42 years ago. Ground controllers were able to steer the space station somewhat over its planned reentry point over the Indian Ocean, but the debris track stretched much further than expected.

"To summarize: this one is bigger than anything recent, but not as big as Skylab and its ilk back in the day," McDowell said on Twitter of the Long March 5B's return.

China plans a busy construction schedule on the space station, with state media reporting the construction should be finished by the end of 2022. Much like the International Space Station, the Chinese complex will include several modules, requiring 10 additional launches: two more module launches, four crewed missions and four cargo vessel flights, as reported by China Global Television Network (CGTN).

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Elizabeth Howell
Staff Writer, Spaceflight

Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. She was contributing writer for Space.com for 10 years before joining full-time. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, flying parabolic, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Her latest book, "Why Am I Taller?", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and a Bachelor of History from Canada's Athabasca University. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science at several institutions since 2015; her experience includes developing and teaching an astronomy course at Canada's Algonquin College (with Indigenous content as well) to more than 1,000 students since 2020. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace