On Aug. 4, 2007, NASA launched its Phoenix Mars Lander on a mission to touch down on Mars.

The robotic spacecraft was designed to search for environments that could be suitable for microbial life and to study the history of water on the Red Planet. It lifted off atop a Delta II rocket at about 5:30 a.m. ET from what is now Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida and spent almost 10 months making its way to Mars.

When it arrived at the Red Planet, it landed farther north than any spacecraft had ever gone before. Not only did Phoenix find water-ice, but it also found what appeared to be small globs of liquid water.

Why it mattered

The Phoenix Mars Lander was one of NASA's biggest do-overs. The lander, which touched down in the arctic plains of Mars known as Vastitas Borealis in May 2008, was designed to seek water ice below the surface and hunt organic molecules. Its origins, however, began years earlier as NASA's 2001 Mars Surveyor lander, which was canceled after the agency's Mars Polar Lander was lost during an attempted landing in 1999.

NASA repurposed the 2001 Mars lander into a Martian arctic explorer, and gave it a suite of science instruments that were improved versions of ones that rode upon the Mars Polar Lander. Its name, "Phoenix," was a reference to its "rising from the ashes" of both the dead Mars Polar Lander and the canceled Mars Surveyor.

After landing on Mars, Phoenix used a robotic arm to dig into the arctic Martian dirt to confirm the existence of subsurface ice. Perhaps the mission's biggest discovery was the existence of perchlorate, an oxidizing chemical that can be food for some microbes while toxic for others.

In November 2008, after surviving two months longer than it was designed to, the Phoenix Mars Lander fell silent, succumbing to the harsh Martian winter. Subsequent photos of the lander taken from orbit by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter revealed that Phoenix likely suffered severe ice damage to one of its solar panels, ending its mission.

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A space saga is underway, a celestial long and winding road that may also have consequences for future settlers firmly planted on the Red Planet. When NASA's Mars-bound ESCAPADE spacecraft were launched atop Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket on Nov. 13, 2025 from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the dual craft weren't placed on your standard route to reach the Red Planet.

At liftoff, Earth and Mars weren't in planetary position for a direct trip by the probes. So, the twin ESCAPADE probes (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers) were sent into a "loiter" orbit, one that loops around Earth's Lagrange point 2 (L2), roughly a million miles away, opposite the sun. ESCAPADE is tasked with analyzing how the solar wind interacts with Mars' magnetic environment and how this interaction drives the planet's atmospheric escape. That's a blustery way to say the mission will provide critical insights into Mars' climate history and evolution.

The next move is scheduled for the fall of 2026, when Earth and Mars align and the two spacecraft — tagged as "Blue" and "Gold" — use Earth's gravity to slingshot toward the Red Planet. With engines firing, both spacecraft will embark on a trans-Mars injection in November 2026. After long-haul cruises they'll undertake Mars orbit insertion maneuvers in September 2027. But that extra time in space could have some consequences for the twin probes, ESCAPADE scientists say.

"The extra 12 months in space does add some additional wear-and-tear to the spacecraft," said Rob Lillis, principal investigator of the ESCAPADE mission at the UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory in California.

"However we are confident that Blue and Gold will be robust enough to operate until the end of their nominal science mission in May 2029 and hopefully for many years beyond that," Lillis told Space.com.

Wide-open windows

Space loitering, kidney bean paths, gravity assists, hyperbolic orbits and wide-open windows  — enter the world of Jeffrey Parker, Chief Technology Officer at Advanced Space in Westminster, Colorado, the chief architect behind the ESCAPADE mission's roundabout road trip to Mars.

Advanced Space worked with the ESCAPADE mission team since its very beginning, engaging with UC Berkeley and NASA by iterating many versions of the mission depending on launch vehicle decisions, liftoff target dates, designing spacecraft orbits, and the "get out of town" interplanetary cruise phase of the dual probes to Mars.

All that tweaking was about "how do you get to Mars when the launch vehicle is not necessarily going to Mars," Parker told Space.com. "It was a long saga, with many, many, many changes."

Parker's expertise was harnessed in a way so that ESCAPADE didn't have to wait 2.1 years before the planets lined up again. A central judgment that made that feasible was switching from ion propulsion to a chemical propellant system, a trade that increased the size of propellant tanks on each spacecraft to hold more fuel.

"Having that extra fuel really did help," said Parker, and gave rise to multiple choices of trajectories, even looping around Earth endless times to a Venus swing-by to get to Mars.

"It's really hard to beat the planetary alignment at launch," Parker said, with ESCAPADE specialists ultimately finding that the L2 loitering strategy was the way to go, he said, an approach that offered a "degree of freedom."

Reasonable assumptions

Lillis gave details regarding the loiter orbit decision. Both ESCAPADE spacecraft have multiple redundant systems so that a single event upset or even a serious single event latch-up from a cosmic ray or solar energetic particle will not endanger the mission, Lillis said. "We have now checked and commissioned both redundant sides of both spacecraft and found all systems healthy," he said.

Lillis said that the ESCAPADE team attempted to quantify the additional risk using reasonable assumptions, and shared their findings with NASA earlier this year. "We were both satisfied that the extra 12 months in space did not significantly reduce overall mission success likelihood," he said.

Indeed, the loiter orbit requires several trajectory correction maneuvers. However, because the orbit is flexible, said Lillis, none of these are critical, in the sense that they can be re-tried or delayed if they don't go just right the first time.

And in fact, one of these was already delayed. In an update posted on Dec. 15, NASA wrote that one of the twin probes' initial trajectory correction maneuvers were delayed when low thrust was observed from one of the spacecraft, but noted that "there are no long-term impacts from the trajectory correction delay."

All eyes on slingshots

"The loiter does add some risk from the critical trans-Mars injection engine maneuver," Lillis said. The two spacecraft must burn their engines for just the right duration, at the right time, at low Earth altitude on Nov. 7 and 9, 2026 in order to slingshot themselves to Mars.

"If the engines fail to light, we would miss the interplanetary transfer window and have to wait two more years for a chance to get to Mars. However, that is almost a year away and we'll have lots of opportunities to practice and become comfortable with our propulsion systems," Lillis said, "so we see this as an acceptable risk."

For Parker at Advanced Space, that boost in velocity for the ESCAPADE twins to head off to Mars is a critical maneuver. "We will have all eyes on that maneuver to make sure that it is completed successfully," he said.

Clever engineering

ESCAPADE is a product of NASA's Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEx) program, an endeavor geared to showcase low-cost science spacecraft. But to maintain a lower overall cost, SIMPLEx missions have a higher risk posture and lighter requirements for oversight and management, notes the space agency.

Rocket Lab, the private space entrepreneurial firm, designed, built, integrated, and tested the ESCAPE probes at its space systems production complex in Long Beach, California.

Morgan Connaughton, a spokesperson for Rocket Lab explains that the company doesn't like to focus on what could go wrong. While Blue and Gold have to withstand extreme environments, "we've designed them to do just that," she told Space.com.

In a post-launch blog from Rocket Lab, the company explained that keeping spacecraft in tip-top shape for years takes some clever engineering and notable materials science.

State of electronics

"Just like in any electronic device, chips degrade, sensors drift, radios get noisy. On top of that, cosmic rays and the Sun's own eruptions can upset electronics. And all parts of the spacecraft are sensitive to high and low temperatures," the Rocket Lab statement adds. "To prevent our propellant lines from freezing when they spend months facing the darkness of space, there are heaters and insulating blankets."

All in all, Rocket Lab said they've made sure everything on the ESCAPADE twins can work for years on end "by regularly checking the state of electronics, testing our valves to make sure they aren't stuck, and have redundant components for critical parts such as computers, radios, star trackers, inertial measurement units, etc."

Template for tomorrow

Meanwhile, Parker at Advanced Space senses that the ESCAPADE voyages to Mars serves as a template for tomorrow.

"The notion of building up a colony on Mars means you are going to have to send lots of spacecraft," said Parker.

ESCAPADE enables launches to Mars outside the two-week period every two years, Parker advised. It's a key to sending goods and eventually humans to the Red planet anytime, countering possible logjams due to uncompromising launch windows for direct inject Mars opportunities.

"You could have a sequence of launches," said Parker, "all flying together in a string of pearls, flying by the Earth in rapid succession and end up flying the same interplanetary window. Folks on the surface of Mars could expect the next fleet of spacecraft showing up every couple of years. And ESCAPADE is demonstrating how to do that," he concluded.

India's first spacecraft to visit Mars has beamed home its greatest photo of the Red Planet yet, a view that reveals the planet from pole to pole. 

The new photo of Mars from India's Mangalyaan probe was unveiled today (Sept. 29) by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It shows Mars as a red globe in space, with the planet's southern ice cap clearly visible, while a huge dust storm blankets part of the northern region. "Something's brewing here!" ISRO officials wrote in a Twitter post for the Mars orbiter. 

The Mangalyaan spacecraft used its Mars Color Camera to capture the amazing photo from a distance of 46,292 miles (74,500 kilometers) above the Red Planet on Sunday (Sept. 28), according to an ISRO photo description. It is the third and best view of Mars from Mangalyaan since the spacecraft arrived in orbit around the planet last week. The Mars Color Camera is one of five different instruments riding aboard Mangalyaan to study Mars from orbit.

Mangalyaan (the name is Sanskrit for "Mars Craft") is the centerpiece of India's $74 million Mars Orbiter Mission, which launched toward the Red Planet in November 2013 and arrived in orbit on Sept. 24 of this year. The spacecraft arrived at Mars just days after the U.S.-built MAVEN orbiter arrived at the Red Planet on its own mission for NASA. 

India's Mars orbiter circles the Red Planet in a highly elliptical orbit that brings the spacecraft within 227 miles (365 km) of the planet at its closest approach. The orbit reaches out 49,710 miles (80,000 km) at its farthest point. The mission is expected to last between six and 10 months. 

Email Tariq Malik at tmalik@space.com or follow him @tariqjmalik and Google+. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com. 

In this historical photo from the U.S. space agency, the Field Integrated Design and Operations (FIDO) rover is being used in ongoing NASA field tests to simulate driving conditions on Mars.

FIDO is at a geologically interesting site in central Nevada while it is controlled from the mission control room at JPL's Planetary Robotics Laboratory in Pasadena. FIDO uses a robot arm to manipulate science instruments and it has a new mini-corer or drill to extract and cache rock samples. Several camera systems onboard allow the rover to collect science and navigation images by remote-control.

The rover is about the size of a coffee table and weighs as much as a St. Bernard, about 70 kilograms (150 pounds). It is approximately 85 centimeters (about 33 inches) wide, 105 centimeters (41 inches) long, and 55 centimeters (22 inches) high. The rover moves up to 300 meters an hour (less than a mile per hour) over smooth terrain, using its onboard stereo vision systems to detect and avoid obstacles as it travels "on-the-fly."

During these tests, FIDO is powered by both solar panels that cover the top of the rover and by replaceable, rechargeable batteries.

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In this historical photo from the U.S. space agency,  the Mars Surveyor '98 Climate Orbiter is shown here during acoustic tests that simulate launch conditions.

The orbiter was to conduct a two year primary mission to profile the Martian atmosphere and map the surface. To carry out these scientific objectives, the spacecraft carried a rebuilt version of the pressure modulated infrared radiometer, lost with the Mars Observer spacecraft, and a miniaturized dual camera system the size of a pair of binoculars, provided by Malin Space Science Systems, Inc., San Diego, California.

During its primary mission, the orbiter was to monitor Mars atmosphere and surface globally on a daily basis for one Martian year (two Earth years), observing the appearance and movement of atmospheric dust and water vapor, as well as characterizing seasonal changes of the planet's surface. Imaging of the surface morphology would also provide important clues about the planet's climate in its early history.

The mission was part of NASA's Mars Surveyor program, a sustained program of robotic exploration of the red planet, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. Lockheed Martin Astronautics was NASA's industrial partner in the mission. Unfortunately, Mars Climate Orbiter burned up in the Martian atmosphere on September 23, 1999, due to a metric conversion error that caused the spacecraft to be off course.

Each weekday, SPACE.com looks back at the history of spaceflight through photos (archive).