SpaceX just launched a brand-new return capsule that it has been developing in the dark.

That vehicle, called Starfall, lifted off atop a Falcon 9 rocket this morning (June 23), on a test mission designed to show that it can fly in a controlled fashion and survive the fiery trip down through Earth's atmosphere.

The demonstration flight may have caught some space fans by surprise, for SpaceX has revealed little about Starfall to date. And that air of secrecy extended through today's launch; the company cut off its webcast about 10 minutes after liftoff, a practice usually associated with national security missions.

SpaceX provided a very brief overview of Starfall today, saying via X that the new vehicle "will enable affordable, routine access to the microgravity environment for scientific research and in-space manufacturing."

Details about the vehicle are harder to come by — but we have some, thanks to an environmental assessment published by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) last month. That report looked at the potential environmental impact of two Starfall demonstration reentries, one or both of which was set in motion by today's launch. (It's unclear how many Starfall vehicles the Falcon 9 lofted on this initial flight.)

According to the FAA document, Starfall is a disk-shaped spacecraft that stands about 2.5 feet (0.75 meters) tall, with a diameter of 10.2 feet (3.1 m). It weighs roughly 4,600 pounds (2,100 kilograms) and can carry about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) of payload. The vehicle can launch on both the workhorse Falcon 9 and Starship, the megarocket SpaceX is developing to help humanity settle the moon and Mars, among other tasks.

Starfall consists of two parts: an aluminum "top plate" that weighs about 3,090 pounds (1,400 kg) and a detachable carbon-fiber heat shield. Cargo rides in the top plate, which features a payload bay 8.2 feet long, 4.9 feet wide and 1.6 feet tall (2.5 by 1.5 by 0.5 m).

For comparison, SpaceX's Dragon capsule, which routinely flies people and cargo to and from the International Space Station, stands about 14.7 feet (4.5 m) tall, with a diameter of 13.0 feet (4.0 m). Dragon can haul about 13,230 pounds (6,000 kg) to low Earth orbit and bring 6,600 pounds (3,000 kg) back down, according to its SpaceX specifications page.

Starfall is not capable of carrying astronauts. And, in another departure from Dragon, the newly debuted return vehicle does not have a traditional propulsion system.

It has only "an attitude control system which uses compressed inert gas (for example, compressed nitrogen gas) to perform small attitude control maneuvers, such as pointing the capsule's heat shield in the correct direction to safely reenter Earth's atmosphere," the FAA's assessment reads.

"Capsules do not have the ability to de-orbit themselves and can only control their attitude," it adds. "Individual capsules would reenter Earth's atmosphere on a pre-planned trajectory and splash down with the assistance of parachutes."

That splashdown — at least of the first two Starfall vehicles — will take place in the open Pacific Ocean, about 700 nautical miles (1,300 kilometers) off the west coast of the United States. Starfall, and its cargo, will then be collected by recovery boats.

SpaceX has two main goals for Starfall, according to the FAA document. The vehicle will "enable point-to-point delivery of critical cargo through space on rapid timelines" and also "create a self-sustaining commercial in-space manufacturing market by offering access to microgravity and vacuum, loiter on orbit, and safe return from orbit as a service at scale."

SpaceX isn't alone in pursuing these opportunities. For example, the California-based company Varda Space has already launched and landed five of its 650-pound (300 kg) "W-series" spacecraft, which are designed to be both orbital mini-factories and return capsules.

And another California outfit, Outpost Space, is developing a line of "CarryAll" return vehicles that can get very large payloads — those weighing up to 22,000 pounds (10,000 kg) — down from space with pinpoint accuracy, within 80 feet (25 m) of a target anywhere on Earth.

The CarryAll Block 3 will be a "flagship vehicle for in-space manufacturing and warehousing, Earth return, military resilience and humanitarian aid," Outpost's website states.

So SpaceX is not breaking new ground with Starfall. But the company is poised to play a leading role in the nascent Earth-return field, thanks to its launch dominance and vertical integration.

The Falcon 9 flew a whopping 165 times in 2025, after all, and SpaceX envisions launching Starship thousands of times per year when that massive rocket comes fully online. So it shouldn't be too difficult for SpaceX to send hundreds of Starfall vehicles up and then back down again, delivering space-made pharmaceuticals and other high-value goods to customers around the world.

Hey, space fans! For over 25 years, we here at Space.com have dedicated ourselves to bringing you the best space mission news, astronomical discoveries, night sky guides and out-of-this-world sci-fi. Now, we're launching into a whole new frontier. Yes, we have an app.

Our new Space.com app is available free on Android on the Google Play store and for iOS via the Apple Store and includes the same great coverage that you'll find on your laptop or desktop, but now in the palm of your hand.

Are you wondering how to prepare for this summer's great total solar eclipse in August? We've got that. How about NASA's plans to launch the first-ever commercial spacecraft to rescue a falling space telescope? We've got that. (That Swift Boost mission will launch this Saturday, June 27, by the way.) And if you're wondering just how close Steven Spielberg's "Disclosure Day" is to how the U.S. government could handle the real discovery of E.T. in real life, we even have that. The Space.com app also allows you to curate your space news experience by picking your favorite news categories and saving articles and features for later reading.

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If you download our Space.com app, register for free and get your daily space news fix, but are still left wondering how you can better support the amazing work of our news and reviews team, there is a way. Our Space.com app has an ad-free version available for a small recurring monthly fee (or one annual subscription) that helps support or live on-site coverage of space missions like NASA's upcoming Artemis 3 moon lander test flight and more.

I'm extremely excited to welcome you to our Space.com app and look forward to any thoughts and feedback you might have about it. Have a question, comment or complaint? You can let me know directly through my email above or below.

Thank you all for your interest in space and for supporting Space.com over the years. We look forward to another 25 years and more of taking you out of this world, every day.

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Amazon Prime Day 2026 has just kicked off and we are seeing plenty of discounts across telescopes, binoculars and cameras. But what if you don't want to line the pockets of Jeff Bezos but still want a great deal? Fear not, for there are plenty of anti-Prime Day deals that either match Amazon's price or even better, blow it out of the water! Like this Walmart deal that gives you $74 off the Amazon price of the Fujinon Techno-Stabi 1640 image-stabilized binoculars!

Amazon has tried to commandeer the summer sales space since it started Prime Day in 2015, but other retailers always come out swinging and bring with them some of the best deals. Even if they are not cheaper than Amazon, rivals tend to at least match the price, so you can still save money with your morals intact.

Our Prime Day hub has all the best Amazon deals as well as those coming from Adorama, Best Buy and BH Photo and Video.

Best anti-Prime Day telescope deals

Best anti-Prime Day binocular deals

Best anti-Prime Day camera deals

Rocket Lab has successfully launched the second spacecraft for the U.S. Space Force's Victus Haze Tactically Responsive Space (TacRS) mission, setting a new readiness record in the process.

Only 16 hours and 42 minutes passed between Rocket Lab receiving the Notice To Launch from the Space Force's Space Safari Program Office and liftoff of the company's Electron launch vehicle, beating the previous TacRS record set by Firefly Aerospace on the September 2023 Victus Nox mission by more than 10 hours.

Liftoff occurred on Friday (June 19) at 6:19 a.m. EDT (1019 GMT, 10:19 p.m., local time), from Rocket Lab's Launch Complex-1, in New Zealand, beginning a rapid-response demonstration designed to simulate a real-world orbital threat scenario.

Electron delivered a Rocket Lab-built Pioneer spacecraft to low Earth orbit (LEO), where it has begun pursuit of another Victus Haze spacecraft that was launched by SpaceX in May and serves as the target vehicle for the demonstration — True Anomaly's Jackal satellite. According to a June 22 Rocket Lab statement, "[Pioneer] is now fully commissioned and conducting complex orbital maneuvers to chase down another spacecraft on orbit and conduct Rendezvous and Proximity Operations (RPO)."

Victus Haze is a TacRS mission managed by Space Systems Command's Space Safari Program Office, with the objective of demonstrating the rapid acquisition, launch and operation of spacecraft in response to orbital threats and "non-compliant satellites," the Rocket Lab release said.

"Rendezvous and Proximity Operations on such short timelines are certainly not trivial, especially in a crisis or conflict scenario, but this demonstration of our ability to commission a complex and capable space vehicle within less than 72 hours, and immediately begin an RPO scenario thereafter, shows that we can field capability to deny adversaries first-mover advantage into novel orbits,” said Lt. Col. Lincoln Miller, Space Safari system program manager, in the statement.

Rocket Lab and True Anomaly teams are now managing their respective spacecraft in orbit. They will soon enter the RPO phase of Victus Haze, conducting space domain awareness (SDA) threat-response scenarios and "dynamic engagements with the other," according to a separate statement from the U.S. Space Force (USSF).

Space Force officials have increasingly looked to commercial providers to develop new capabilities and technologies to address potential conflicts in space. “Victus Haze is primed to further demonstrate our readiness to lean on our commercial partners to deny, disrupt, and counter any adversarial advantage — no matter where they try to operate in space,” acting Space Force portfolio acquisition executive Col. Bryon McClain said in the USSF statement.

With its Electron rocket and Pioneer spacecraft both vertically integrated into Rocket Lab's manufacturing processes, this Victus Haze launch marks the first TacRS mission to be carried out by a single prime contractor, providing the spacecraft, launch vehicle and on-orbit operations.

"This is what modern space power looks like: the ability to reinforce and reimagine national security space architecture at will," said Rocket Lab CEO Peter Beck. "We’re proud to be providing the nation with those next-generation space capabilities, today.”

Star Wars' Clone Wars-era Republic Gunship may not be a miracle of practicaliy but I think it's cool as heck and that alone is reason enough to pick up this Lego Star Wars Coruscant Guard Gunship, $42 off for Amazon Prime Day.

Save $42 on this Lego Star Wars Coruscant Gunship set

The other reason? This set has already been retired by Lego meaning that not only are you saving big, this could be your last chance to buy the Lego Star Wars Coruscant Guard Gunship, before scalpers start selling it for silly money on eBay.

On top of looking seriously imposing, this Lego set has major play potential. You can swoosh it round the living room, loaded it up with the five included mini figures and accidentally drop Chancellor Palpatine because there's something off about that guy.

If this set isn't to your taste (maybe you're one of those evil Separatists), we've rounded up the Best Lego Star Wars sets. And don't forget to check out our other Prime Day deals.

• Check out our Prime Day hub, where we bring you the best deals of Prime Day 2026, including early Prime Day deals.
• We've also got you covered with reviews and rankings of the best telescopes, binoculars, star projectors, cameras, drones, Lego, streaming and more.

This is a real Prime Day deal double-whammy. Not only is this Lego Star Wars Coruscant Guard Gunship $42 off, the cheapest it has ever been, but as a retired set this could be your last chance to own it. Without paying silly money to eBay scalpers, that is; it's already sold out on Lego's website.

Not only does this set look good on a shelf, but it has got real potential, with opening and closing doors, firing missiles and a special handle to swoosh it around your living room!

It also boasts five minifigures: Three Clone Troopers, Chancellor Palpatine and Senator Padme Amidala. Go on, Padme, give Palpatine a push. It'll save you a lot of trouble in the long run.

If you love the Clone Wars era of Star Wars, this is a superb offer but you'll have to move fast.

Key features: 1083 pieces, builder's age 9+, 27.5 × 5.5 × 14.5 × 16 in. / 15 × 37 × 41 cm size

Product launched: September 2023

Price history: We've seen the price drop a little, but this is the lowest it's ever been and likely your last chance to buy it.

Price comparison: Amazon: $98

Reviews consensus: We loved the UCS Lego Star Wars Republic gunship, and this smaller model is also extremely cool, albeit with just five figures. Its Amazon reviews are near unanimous; few complain about the price tag and this price cut addresses that.

✅ Buy it if: You want a brilliant, play-friendly set to go with your other Clone Wars Lego sets.

❌ Don't buy it if: You're not a fan of the Clone Wars era. Instead, consider something like this Lego Star Destroyer, also reduced for Prime Day.

Check out our other guides to the best telescopes, binoculars, cameras, star projectors, drones, lego and much more.

A once-in-a-lifetime stellar eruption could occur at any time, potentially causing a 'new star' to appear in the night sky. If it does, the star system T Coronae Borealis could suddenly brighten to rival Polaris, the North Star. Here's what you need to know about the "Blaze Star" T. Coronae Borealis (T CrB).

T CrB is a prime example of a recurring nova. This thermonuclear explosion erupts from the atmosphere of a white dwarf star roughly once every 80 years, when it reaches a point of critical mass, having stripped vast quantities of material from a co-orbiting red giant.

After each eruption, the white dwarf returns to vampirically feeding on its companion star, until ready to start the process anew. Recurring novas like T CrB are extremely rare, with only five known to exist within the entirety of the Milky Way, according to NASA.

When will T. Coronae Borealis erupt?

T CrB brightens roughly once every 80 years — an average based on eight centuries of historical observations. The most recent deluge of nova light reached Earth in 1946, prompting some astronomers to predict that the next brightening could occur as early as February 2024, based on an earlier dip in the system's light that echoed historical data.

It seems that T CrB had other ideas, however, and instead has remained stubbornly dim through numerous unsuccessful prediction attempts. Astronomers repeatedly attempted to fit subtle shifts in the brightness of T CrB to the few points of reliable historical data on offer, while accounting for fluctuations in the white dwarf's feeding rate.

"We know it has to happen," astrophysicist Elizabeth Hays, project scientist on NASA's Fermi gamma-ray space telescope, told Space.com in 2024. "We just can't pin it down to the month."

One paper authored by Jean Schneider of the Paris Observatory put forward a set of four potential dates for the brightening — the last of which falls on June 25, 2026 — based on the presence of a theoretical third body in the T CrB system. However, other astronomers were sceptical of the predictions, as no evidence of this phantom third body has been spotted in modern data.

What should I expect?

Each nova explosion triggers a dramatic surge in T CrB's apparent brightness, as radiation cast out in the cataclysmic event finally reaches us, having spent approximately 3,000 years racing through the near-perfect vacuum of space.

T CrB is usually far too dim to see with the naked eye, shining as it does with an average brightness, or magnitude, or just +10. Magnitude is the scale used by astronomers to track the apparent brightness of objects in the night sky. The lower the number, the brighter the object, with the human eye capable of spotting targets down to a magnitude of +6 from a dark sky location.

During a nova surge, T CrB can jump from +10 to a magnitude of +2, making it easily visible to the naked eye as it shines with a brilliance comparable to that of the North Star, Polaris.

Where can I find T. Coronae Borealis in the night sky?

T CrB shines close to the semicircle of stars of the lesser-known constellation Corona Borealis, also known as the Northern Crown, which can be found glowing brightly overhead between the constellations of Bootes and Hercules after sunset in early summer.

You'll need a pair of 10x50 binoculars or a small telescope to find the Blaze Star before it brightens to naked eye visibility. First, locate the magnitude 4.28 star Epsilon Coronae Borealis, which is the second star in from the left of the semicircular formation, as viewed from the Northern Hemisphere.

Next, sweep your scope over the patch of sky one degree to the lower right of Epsilon Coronae Borealis — roughly the width of your little finger held at arm's length — to find the patch of sky containing T CrB.

How long will T CrB be visible for?

Once the Blaze Star erupts, its nova light should remain visible to the naked eye for a little under a week, according to NASA, though you'll be able to follow its progress for longer using a pair of binoculars! You can also keep an eye on T CrB's brightness via the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) website, which allows you to plot a light curve for the distant star system based on recent member observations.

Be sure to check out our roundups of the best telescopes and binoculars for observing the night sky, to ensure that you're ready to make the most of T. Coronae Borealis' fleeting appearance before it disappears for another 80 years. Photographers may also want to peruse our picks of the top cameras and lenses for astrophotography, along with our guide to capturing the night sky.

Editor's Note: If you capture an image of T. Coronae Borealis and with Space.com's readers, then please send your photo(s), comments, and your name and location to spacephotos@space.com.

China's Shenlong space plane appears to have released a mystery object while in orbit, according to a private space surveillance firm.

Shenlong launched on its fourth mission on Feb. 6, 2026 atop a Long March 2F rocket that lifted off from China's Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Gobi Desert. As with previous flights, the objectives of this mission were not disclosed to the public. But according to recent observations by the commercial orbital intelligence company LeoLabs, one part of Shenlong's latest mission appears to involve releasing an unknown object.

"At 02:30 UTC on 22 June 2026, LeoLabs detected an unknown object in the vicinity of the Chinese Shenlong reusable space plane," LeoLabs posted to X. "This object did not correlate to any other object in our catalog. It was first observed by our Tracker radar in New Zealand."

"Following additional observations across our global network and analysis via LeoLabs Delta, we have independently cataloged this object and assessed with high confidence that it was released from the Chinese space plane," the company added in the post. "This activity is consistent with sub-satellite deployments conducted by the space plane in previous missions."

Space tracker Jonathan McDowell noted on X that the object has now been catalogued by the U.S. Space Force.

Shenlong, or "Divine Dragon," is a reusable space plane that launches atop a rocket but lands on a runway like an aircraft. Its overall design is believed to be similar to the United States Space Force's X-37B, or somewhat like NASA's storied space shuttle. Exact specifications are difficult to come by, given how secretive China's space program remains about Shenlong.

Very few images exist of Shenlong, and most of what we have seen of the space plane are telescopic images of the vehicle taken from ground-based telescopes.

This isn't the first time that Shenlong has appeared to release objects while in orbit. In June 2024, observers noticed that the space plane may have released a subsatellite or ejected an unnecessary piece of hardware as it approached the end of its mission.

Six months earlier, observers believed the space plane had ejected six objects at once, but those were later determined to be debris left over from launch.

Observers on the ground have also noticed what appear to be solar arrays extending from Shenlong, based on analysis of telescope imagery.

On previous missions, Shenlong has appeared to conduct what are known as rendezvous and proximity operations (RPO), meaning it tested the capability to maneuver close to other objects in space, according to SpaceNews.

White these RPOs can be conducted for peaceful purposes such as repairing or refueling other spacecraft, it might also be the case that space superpowers such as China and Russia are developing these capabilities to potentially tamper with adversary satellites should warfare ever make it to space. In May, two Russian satellites came within 10 feet (3 meters) of one another in orbit, following a pattern of the country testing the capabilities of these so-called "inspector" spacecraft.

There's no reason to believe the United States isn't developing its own RPO capabilities for similar reasons, and the nation has released official artwork suggesting as much.

Our astrophotography expert, Jamie Carter, has reviewed countless telescopes and optics equipment for us but always maintained a no travel rule when it comes to telescopes. All that changed when they reviewed the ZWO SeeStar S30 Pro, and this Prime Day, it's $35 cheaper.

Get the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro telescope on sale right now at Amazon for $664.

That's not to say the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro is just for deep space; it's a superb all-round smart telescope and we think the previous model, the ZWO Seestar S30, is one of the best telescopes and best smart telescopes.

But what made it just a game-changer for our expert was that, eschewing the bulk of normal telescopes, he could pack it into his camera bag as he explored New Brunswick's dark-sky corridor. He was absolutely stunned by the views of the Whirlpool Galaxy that popped up on his smartphone.

If you want to be similarly awed, snap up the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro and don't forget to check out the other Prime Day Deals on offer.

• Our Black Friday hub is back, where we highlight all the best deals of Black Friday 2025.
• We've also got you covered with reviews and rankings of the best telescopes, binoculars, star projectors, cameras, drones, Lego, streaming and more.

The ZWO Seestar S30 is a superb smart telescope, featuring in our best beginner telescopes and best telescope guides, and now ZWO has taken things to the next level with the upgrade, the S30 Pro.

Our expert called the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro a life-changing device. Why? Because it's small enough to fit in a camera bag and yet, it's a impressive alternative to the best cameras for astrophotography.

Venturing into a dark sky zone, he captured some stunning images, including the Whirlpool Galaxy.

"In the smart telescope era, traveling light doesn't have to mean leaving a telescope behind," he remarked, now convert to smart scopes.

It captures 8.3MP / 4K images and side from the telescope itself, comes with a mini-tripod, shoulder strap and bag. You do operate it via a smartphone, and view images on its display, which may not be to everyone's taste.

But if the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro can convert Jamie, our expert astrophotographer, it can convert anyone.

Key features: 30 mm objectiver, 3.1" × 5.5" × 8.3" in., 3.6 lbs weight, battery powered, smartphone required.

Product launched: December 2025

Price history: This is the cheapest the ZWO Seestar S30 Pro has ever been.

Price comparison: Amazon: $664 | Seestar $699

Reviews consensus: Talking about their ZWO Seestar S30 Pro experience, our expert praised this smart telescope and our sister sites Livescience and T3 also sang its praises. The S30 Pro's Amazon reviews are just as positive, with no real criticisms.

Livescience: ★★★★ | T3: ★★★★

Featured in guides: Best beginner telescopes, Best telescopes

✅ Buy it if: You want a super-portable smart telescope that you can take to dark sky sites.

❌ Don't buy it if: You prefer to skywatch the old fashioned way or will only ever stargaze from one site.

Check out our other guides to the best telescopes, binoculars, cameras, star projectors, drones, lego and much more.

NASA's plan to deorbit the International Space Station in coming years has fallen under the scrutiny of a government watchdog group and stirred up a wave of reaction by a leading ocean conservation organization.

As presently blueprinted by NASA, the International Space Station will be de-orbited via a series of actions. Firstly, in early to mid-2028, the ISS will start to be lowered through a combination of Earth's natural atmospheric drag and the execution of re-entry maneuvers by the ISS's Russian segment. Then, in mid-2029, NASA plans to launch a SpaceX-supplied, government paid for, U.S. Deorbit Vehicle (USDV) and attach that craft to the ISS, which will fire its 46 Draco thrusters and push the station down to a watery grave.

But there's one issue that has ecology experts concerned. The Ocean Foundation, a Washington, D.C.-headquartered group with a mission to improve global ocean health and the human relationship with the sea via carefully chosen strategies and projects, says the planned deorbit of the International Space Station "raises serious concerns for ocean health that the space community has not adequately grappled with," according to Mark Spalding, president of the foundation.

A troubling gap

A just-issued U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report has focused on issues related to NASA's plan to bring down the International Space Station (ISS) and transition from the ISS to commercial space stations, namely NASA's concern about having a "gap" in continuous human presence in low Earth orbit.

The GAO report explains that, at the end of 2030 or early 2031, the USDV is to perform a re-entry burn. That would push the ISS through the Earth's atmosphere and into a pre-determined spot – an ocean zone called Point Nemo.

"As part of the reentry process, NASA expects portions of the ISS and deorbit vehicle to break up and fall into the remote part of the ocean to minimize the risk to populated areas," states the GAO report.

But as for using Point Nemo or any part of the ocean as a convenient dumping ground, Spalding told Space.com that "there is a troubling structural gap in international law that the ISS de-orbit throws into sharp relief."

Under the Space Liability Convention of 1972, if space debris falls on another nation's territory or damages property, Spalding said, the launching nation owes compensation - absolutely and without needing to prove fault. "But no equivalent protection exists for the ocean," he said.

"As a result, when space agencies have control over where debris falls, they aim for the high seas, and in doing so, they incur no legal obligation to pay for cleanup or environmental remediation," said Spalding.

The Ocean Foundation leader said he understood the legitimate safety rationale for targeting Point Nemo, the point on Earth farthest from any populated area. "But the ocean's remoteness from human infrastructure should not be mistaken for a lack of value or vulnerability," Spalding said. "The ocean and its creatures deserve the same protection that international law affords to national territories."

Concerning the ocean's ecosystems, Spalding asks what happens to the marine ecosystems and creatures on the seafloor where the ISS leftovers land?

"The honest answer is, we don't fully know. That is deeply troubling for a structure the size of a football field. We do know that not everything burns up on reentry. Denser components will survive and reach the seafloor," Spalding added.

The problem: uncertainty

What denser, specific materials from the ISS re-entry will be, and what harm they may cause to marine life, Spalding said, "has not been adequately studied or disclosed. That uncertainty is itself the problem."

Additionally, what environmental harm may begin before the debris hits the water is worrisome. As the largest reentry in history, the cumulative atmospheric impact of down-falling ISS hardware deserves serious study, he said.

For one, Spalding flagged a newly negotiated High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) that is relevant to downing the ISS. It requires parties to conduct environmental impact assessments for activities that may affect the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction when effects are unknown or poorly understood.

"It is fair to ask whether the ISS deorbit  — the largest such reentry in history, targeting the high seas  — should trigger that obligation," Spalding said.

Position statement

As for the Ocean Foundation's position on the ISS deliberate crashing into the Pacific Ocean, the group believes that discussion points prior to the ISS downing include:

• A full environmental impact assessment of the anticipated seafloor debris field and atmospheric effects;
• Public disclosure of all materials that will survive reentry and reach the ocean floor;
• A rigorous legal analysis of obligations under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS,) the London Protocol of 1996 that provides an international standard and framework for countries to individually and collectively protect and preserve our oceans from pollution caused by the dumping of wastes and other matter into the ocean, along with the BBNJ Agreement.

The high seas have no sovereign who can demand accountability, concluded Spalding. "We believe this gap in international law needs to be closed, and the ISS de-orbit is a vivid illustration of why."

Astrophotography can be confusing and when combining mirrorless cameras, astrocams and telescopes, there is a huge learning curve that can throw people a bit sideways if they are looking to get into it. The Unistellar Odyssey Pro was the first smart telescope that I used and it helped me on my astrophotography journey, allowing me to quickly and easily take awe-inspiring images of deep space objects like the Great Pegasus star cluster and a range of galaxies.

You can get the Unistellar Odyssey Pro smart telescope, on sale right now for $3,909 at Unistellar.

Alongside the usual go-to technology present in all of Unistellar's smart telescopes, the Odyssey and Odyssey Pro models also have autofocus to help even more when imaging the night sky. With Amazon Prime Day well underway and running until June 26, keep an eye on the best prices across all skywatching gear on our Prime Day hub, which tracks deals from all major retailers.

• We've got you covered with reviews and rankings of the best telescopes, binoculars, star projectors, cameras, drones, Lego, streaming and more.

The Unistellar Odyssey Pro is great for beginners and it was the first smart telescope that I used, so I have a soft spot for it. To start using it, all I had to do was set it up on a clear night and link it to my phone, before allowing the telescope to orient itself and choosing a target to observe. After that, I selected 'enhanced vision' mode, which stacks four second exposures on top of each other to build a stronger and more detailed image, something that makes details in galaxies stand out.

It's definitely a model aimed at those who have very little experience with astronomy and astrophotography, as it not only finds your target, but it focuses on it, too. This is especially useful if you are not confident focusing on stars with a Bahtinov mask and getting them as sharp as possible.

I have hands-on experience with the Pro version, which has a built-in eyepiece with a digital display, but the rendered image is the same as what you can see on your smart device. In all honesty, if you aren't bothered about having a "traditional telescope experience," skip the Pro model and grab the regular Odyssey for $2,209 to save an extra $1,000. For a range of other telescope models, cameras and skywatching gear, check out our Prime Day hub, which tracks all of the best deals amongst this year's summer sales.

All of the Unistellar smart telescopes are great for assisted and easier stargazing, as they all have smooth go-to technology and astro capability. If you think that you may want more control over the focus in your astrophotography or if you want a higher resolution sensor, the eQuinox 2 and eVscope 2 are the company's pro lineup. With all of their models on sale for Father's Day, now is a good time to grab one. While there isn't as much darkness at the moment, they also all double up as solar telescopes with the purchase of a solar filter, something that may come in handy for the Aug. 12 total solar eclipse.

Key features: Newtonian reflector optical design, 5-hour battery life, 4.1 MP Sony sensor, 3.3-inch (85 mm) aperture, 12.6-inch (320 mm) focal length, weight 8.8 lbs (4 kg), fully motorized alt-azimuth mount, 64 GB storage, Nikon-made eyepiece, celestial database of over 5,000 objects.

Product launched: January 2024

Price history: The retail price for Unistellar Odyssey Pro is $4,599. Unistellar has a site wide 15% discount for Prime Day and has taken the price down to $3,909. It was discounted with 20% off for Black Friday last year, but this is the cheapest the price has dropped to since then.

Price comparison: Unistellar: $3,909 | Amazon: $3,909

Featured in guide: Best smart telescopes

Reviews consensus: We thought it gave us great views of the Ring Nebula and the Hercules globular cluster in our Odyssey Pro review. Other users praise the automation, portability and Nikon-made eyepiece for the Pro model. Some users wanted more battery life.

Space: ★★★★½ | Digital Camera World: ★★★★½

✅ Buy it if: You want a quick set-up telescope that you can easily control with a smartphone app and get stargazing in seconds.

❌ Don't buy it if: You need manual controls or higher resolution. You may be better suited to the Unistellar eVscope 2, which is also on sale.

Check out our other guides to the best telescopes, binoculars, cameras, star projectors, drones, lego and much more.

Adult Swim's smash animated series "Rick and Morty" recently unleashed its ninth season, and it's already shaping up to be one of the best seasons so far, with plenty of interdimensional shenanigans, existential excursions, evolutionary entanglements, hostile living room furniture, a potential trip to Boob World, and Pool Time!

We chatted to the creators Dan Harmon and Scott Marder earlier this month, but now we're catching up with the main cast to hear from Ian Cardoni (Rick), Sarah Chalke (Beth), Harry Belden (Morty), and Spencer Grammer (Summer) on the rigors of voice acting, playing in the multiverse, and watching all your plosives.

"We've got what we would consider classic adventures, balanced by a lot of fresh and new directions for these characters and for these stories," Cardoni tells Space.

"I can honestly say that some of my favorite moments of episodes of the whole series run are coming in season 9, and I'm excited for fans to see that. Sci-fi in its best form is human stories. It may be our future, and I think we get glimpses of that by tapping into the human elements. With all the wacky hijinks that take place, we're in for a really amazing season and some real good science fiction."

Those hijinks call for some suitably animated vocal performances from the vast though. "These are voices that take a toll, even when it’s not a session, when it requires the intense gravel or yelling of Rick," explains Cardoni.

"It requires your full instrument. I like to prep with a full cardio workout because oxygen support is what you need. Then I go on vocal rest before and after sessions. I have all kinds of warm, hot, viscous liquids to soothe. I use a vocal steamer. Harry [Belden] is really religious about his regimen, but I’ve got my own way to get myself into the voice, but not burn out. Voice acting is acting. And the show doesn’t pull any punches emotionally."

Chalke relishes her time playing Beth and Space Beth and adamantly declares season 9 as her favorite season they’ve ever done.

"There's a couple of specific episodes, 'Salute Your Morts' and 'Jer Bud' where you really get to go deeper into the relationships," she notes. "The fun part of 'Rick and Morty' as an actor is all the unique challenges because there's no limits and because it's a multiverse and because the show can go anywhere, you’re always doing things with your voice you've never done before.

"None of us have to do the voice intensity Ian does with Rick. You're working those vocal chords so hard with the burping and all of that," Chalke remarks to Cardoni. "For me, Space Beth is more in that direction than Beth. So I always record all of that first and Space Beth second because she has more of a gravelly, raspy quality to it. It's whatever you need to do to make it grounded and as real as you can."

For Belden, it was gratifying for Morty to experience a great deal of personal growth this season.

"There are a lot of intense situations that he finds himself in, and I’m excited for fans to see him go through that and come out the other side," he adds. "For me, my favorite episode is going to be the finale ["Field of Dreams"] for sure, and the journey that Morty goes on. There's so much good stuff in there."

Regarding his own regimen of keeping his vocal health tip-top, Belden explains:

"I like to run a couple of miles before I start, stretch out the entire body, do the actual vocal warmups. Morty being such a particular voice, I need a lot of breath support, so I have a wide stance and create a powerful base. I’m expanding my ribcage to support myself. And that’s not without even getting into tongue placement, spreading your lips wide to get the sound out, watching your plosives on the letter 'p.' It's all this stuff you would never ever think about."

Grammer is thrilled to see some fan favorite characters make return cameos in season 9, as we get to watch Summer and Morty just being terrible teenagers, and loves the fact that the Smith family gets a swimming pool.

"I kind of learned on the job about 14 years ago," she reveals. "I was trained as an actor though, so I have a pretty good vocal ability. But it's very demanding, especially as you get older. There’s these tiny muscles and tiny folds. The last few years, I’ve really devoted to vocal health and got to a place where I can comfortably do the Summer role really well."

Grammer has really embraced the role of Summer, but it's also led to some major lifestyle changes for her. "You have to choose where you want to live. I don’t see a lot of people now. I just work a lot", explains Grammer.

"I can’t go to a party that’s going to be loud and talk to people. And that's fine. Alcohol is really bad for hydration, so I don’t really drink anymore. I’m constantly drinking water or something really slimy all the time. I have a whole kit of just things for your voice that I always take with me."

Executive produced by Dan Harmon and showrunner Scott Marder, "Rick and Morty season 9" airs Sundays at 11 p.m. on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim, and will also begin streaming weekly on Hulu and HBO Max starting June 15, 2026.

Are you scratching your head, wondering what to buy for a child? Our expert Tantse recommends this Astronaut Galaxy Projector and right now, during Prime Day, it's just $25.

Enjoy stunning, starry displays with this Astronaut Galaxy Projector, now $25 at Amazon

Faced with buying a present for her nephews, and having been suitably impressed when she reviewed this Astronaut Galaxy Projector, Tantse (our long-time star projector reviewer), settled on this gift and she's had no complaints!

We rank it one of the best star projectors and best star projectors for kids because, despite its budget price tag, it creates some amazing, room-filling displays that'll leave children wide-eyed. Adults are just as likely to be delighted, too!

Looking for more savings? Check out our other Prime Day deals.

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As challenges go, one of the biggest trials in life is buying a gift for someone else's child. Assuming you like their respective adults, a drum set or a Nerf gun is right out. Fortunately, our expert Tantse Walter has the answer, with this impressive but pocket-friendly Astronaut Galaxy Projector.

Despite the name, this cool projector, which Tantse gifted to her nephews, projects both stars and galaxies. It's not scientifically accurate, but it punches well above its price tag.

In Tantse's review of the Astronaut Galaxy Projector called it "a well-made novelty star projector that every kid, or space fan, will love to have in their bedroom," and even if the kids in question aren't skywatchers, it could well kindle their interest in the cosmos.

With its remote control, customizable displays and 45-90 minutes sleep timer, adults will find it a handy meditation tool or relaxation tool too. At $25, this Astronaut Galaxy star projector is a superb gift that can transform any room.

Key features: Remote control, projects light shows, sleep timer, compact

Price history: This model tends to retail for between $29.99 and $34.99. We've sometimes seen it dip cheaper, though there are also several versions of this projector.

Price comparison: Amazon: $25

Reviews consensus: In our review of the Astronaut Star Projector, expert Tantse awarded it four stars out of five and Amazon purchasers rank it even higher.

Space: ★★★★

Featured in guides: Best star projectors, best star projectors for kids

✅ Buy it if: You want a star projector that, despite its novelty appearance, offers excellent performance and won't cost you a fortune.

❌ Don't buy it if: You want scientific accuracy because, as impressive as they are, this projector's displays don't match the night sky. Instead, consider the Sega Toys Homestar Flux.

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SpaceX's Cargo Dragon capsule shines in the sunlight over Earth as it departs from the International Space Station in a new image snapped from onboard the station.

What is it?

Peering through the window of the International Space Station (ISS), NASA astronaut Jessica Meir snapped a striking photo as she watched a SpaceX Cargo Dragon capsule depart from the station.

With sunbeams gleaming downward, reflecting off of the spacecraft's hull, the Dragon can be seen backing away from the station mere moments after undocking from the port on the station's Harmony module. The undocking is so recent that you can clearly see both the docking port and the hatch of the Dragon where the two connected.

The Dragon disconnected from the space station on June 16, and just one day later, parachuted into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California where it was retrieved, chock-full of cargo and finished science experiments.

Why is it incredible?

The space station has been in orbit since 1998 and continuously occupied since November, 2000. With decades of work in orbit, it can be easy to take for granted the incredible transport system that supports cutting-edge research hundreds of miles above Earth's surface.

The work done on the station is impressive, but this system is just as mind-boggling. In addition to launching and returning astronauts who perform critical maintenance and repair work on the station on top of their research duties, cargo missions keep the station stocked.

From food and clothing to medical equipment and intricate science experiments, these missions are essential for both keeping astronauts safe and healthy on station as well as continuing the progression of science in-orbit. This back-and-forth between Earth and the space station is an impressive feat, and this photo shows the system fully in-motion.

A new planetary habitability model could make the search for aliens more efficient by quickly identifying rocky worlds unlikely to sustain the atmospheres needed for life as we know it.

The software, called the Smaller Than Earth Habitability Model (STEHM), allows astronomers to screen exoplanets before committing valuable telescope time to detailed observations. Developed by researchers at Stanford University, the model assesses whether a rocky planet can build and retain an atmosphere over billions of years — a prerequisite for life as we know it, according to a statement from the university.

Astronomers searching for life beyond Earth face a daunting challenge: thousands of exoplanets have already been discovered, and billions more are thought to exist throughout the Milky Way — roughly one for every star in the galaxy. As powerful new telescopes come online, researchers increasingly need ways to identify which worlds are worth closer study.

"The only way that we're going to ever find out if there are signatures of life out there is by observing the atmosphere of these planets," Michelle Hill, lead author of the study who developed STEHM, said in the statement.

Traditionally, scientists have focused on whether a planet lies within its star's habitable zone, the region where temperatures may allow liquid water to exist on the surface. But location alone does not guarantee habitability. A planet without a substantial atmosphere may be unable to maintain stable temperatures, shield itself from radiation or support surface water, the researchers said.

STEHM adds a second layer to this assessment by estimating whether small rocky planets can generate and retain atmospheres over geologic timescales. The model links a planet's size to its ability to hold onto atmospheric gases, helping identify a lower size threshold for potentially habitable worlds.

To build STEHM, Hill used the ExoPlex planetary simulation code to model six rocky worlds ranging from half Earth's size to Earth-size, testing how planetary structure, volcanic activity, internal heat and stellar radiation affect atmospheric survival. The model was validated using Venus and Mars, correctly reproducing Venus's thick carbon dioxide atmosphere and Mars's long-term atmospheric loss.

The results suggest that rocky planets at least 80% the size of Earth can retain atmospheres for 10 billion years or more when orbiting within habitable zones around sun-like stars. Smaller planets generally lose their atmospheres more quickly, though worlds around 70% of Earth's size may still be habitable under favorable conditions. Atmospheric longevity also depends strongly on initial carbon content and heat-producing elements that drive volcanic activity, allowing STEHM to serve as a size-based filter for identifying the most promising habitable worlds.

"Maybe there's life on other planets under the ground, but we are never going to be able to see it because we can't send something to those exoplanets," Hill said in the statement. "The best chance we've got is looking for signs of life by analyzing atmospheres from afar."

By narrowing the field of candidates, STEHM could help astronomers focus on the most promising planets for life while avoiding wasting resources on unlikely targets. The approach may be especially useful as next-generation missions, such as the European Space Agency's PLATO space telescope, expand the catalog of rocky exoplanets around nearby stars. Researchers hope the model will help prioritize which of these planets merit follow-up observations.

STEHM not only addresses where life beyond Earth could occur, but when it might, by modeling whether exoplanets can actually hold onto atmospheres over geologic timescales — a key prerequisite for life to take hold in the first place.

"Maybe the answer to why we haven't found any life yet is that we're so early in the grand scheme of what has been created through the lives and deaths of stars," Hill said in the statement. "Maybe we're one of the first."

Their findings were published June 4 in the Planetary Science Journal.

Using NASA's exoplanet-hunting spacecraft TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), scientists have discovered a planetary system that scientists are calling "improbable." It could change how we think about the mechanisms behind planet formation.

The reason for the unusual arrangement of this planetary system is a failed star or brown dwarf designated TOI-201 c. Objects like this get the slightly unfair nickname of "failed stars" because, despite forming from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust like other stars, they fail to gather enough mass to trigger nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium in their cores. Brown dwarfs have masses between 13 and 80 times that of Jupiter, or 0.013 to 0.08 the mass of the sun. That puts them right between the most massive planets and the smallest stars.

TOI-201 c is on a highly elliptical orbit, taking 2,881 days to orbit its star, which has resulted in planets including a super-Earth named TOI-201 d and a warm Jupiter named TOI-201 b, forming in a narrow zone within its orbit, something that isn't just new to astronomers; it is completely unexpected based on planetary formation models.

The 5.8-day orbit of TOI-201 d and the 53-day orbit of TOI-201 b are both perfectly aligned with the orbit of the brown dwarf. The brown dwarf creates gravitational instability at distances equivalent to the distance between Mars and the sun, but this didn't prevent planets from forming in the system.

"This discovery provides a crucial insight into how planets form even around massive, eccentric objects," team member and INAF researcher Aldo Bonomo said in an emailed statement.

The system challenges the idea that gas giant planets form at distances equivalent to 2 to 3 times the distance between Earth and the sun in the disks of gas and dust that surround stars during their infancy.

"The presence of the brown dwarf on such an elliptical orbit forced the planets to form and survive by occupying the innermost and hottest edges of the primordial disk," team member Luca Naponiello of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) said in the statement. "Furthermore, the data show that during the close approach of the brown dwarf, the warm Jupiter undergoes strong and sudden variations in its transit timing, bearing witness to an intense and vigorous dynamic interaction currently underway between the two giants."

The system was discovered by TESS using a rare mono-transit event, which describes a planetary body making one crossing of the face of its star, causing a dip in starlight. This was followed by an observing campaign conducted from the ground.

It is extremely rare to discover objects like TOI-201 c with such long and eccentric orbital periods using transits they make of their parent star. This brown dwarf is the first one of these objects to have its mass confirmed, making it an important step forward in astronomy.

"It [TOI-201c] is the transiting object with the longest orbital period for which the mass is known," Naponiello said.

The team's results were published on Wednesday (June 17) in the journal Nature.

When I was looking at taking my first steps into stargazing I wanted a telescope that was affordable and compact so I could pack it away when it was cloudy. I ended up starting my stargazing journey by buying the Celestron Travel Scope 70 and today, thanks to Amazon Prime Day, it's $40 off, making it just $81.

This portable, beginner-friendly Celestron Travel Scope 70 is $81 right now at Amazon.

Not only is this telescope the reason I got into stargazing but it has the pedigree of being from reputable telescope manufacturer Celestron, whose products appear in our best telescope guide and best binoculars guide. It's a breeze to use and super portable with it.

The moment I trained it on the moon and took in the stunning, detailed views of its craters, I was hooked. Now, thanks to Prime Day, you can save big on this fantastic, beginner-friendly scope.

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It's fair to say that if I hadn't bought the Celestron Travel Scope 70, I wouldn't be into stargazing. I didn't want to spend a fortune or to tie up a room, so the Celestron Travel Scope 70 fit the bill. Several years later, I have a Skywatcher 200P Classic dominating my front room, so you can tell how that went.

So what makes the Celestron Travel Scope 70 such a great starter scope? It's an absolute breeze to use, easy to assemble and while the included 20mm and 10mm eyepieces are basic, they still give you excellent views of objects within our solar system.

And while it doesn't match up to the best deep space telescopes, the Celestron Travel Scope 70 offers respectable views of some deep space objects, light pollution aside. It also comes with a basic version of Celestron's own stargazing software.

Could the tripod be sturdier? Yes, but I personally had no problems with that; my only gripe was that it took a little while to master fine-tuning the scope. But at $80, this is a superb starter scope and an absolute steal.

Key features: 70mm aperture, fully coated optics, a carry bag, a collapsible, full-height tripod, 10mm and 20mm eyepieces, a finderscope and Celestron's Starry Night Software Basic Edition.

Price history: This scope has dipped to around $90 previously but this is the cheapest it's been all year.

Review consensus: This is a superb beginner-friendly scope, especially if you're short on space. I don't regret my purchase one bit and going by its Amazon reviews, most purchasers feel the same, with just a few wishing the tripod was a tad more stable.

✅ Buy it if: You're after a beginner-friendly telescope that can be packed away, or are dipping your toes in skywatching.

❌ Don't buy it if: You're prepared to spend a lot more, and have the room to house a bigger scope. Take a look at our best telescopes guide for other options.

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SpaceX's newest spaceflight tech has to launched to the final frontier for the first time.

The company's Starfall capsule took to the skies on its debut mission today (June 23), following SpaceX's application with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for two reentry vehicle landings. The mission lifted off from Space Launch Complex-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida at 6:52 a.m. EDT (1052 GMT).

Starfall is a cargo transportation vehicle designed to carry payloads to low Earth orbit (LEO) and beyond, aboard SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, and also return materials safely back to Earth. The platform isn't designed to fly human passengers; it's geared toward the support of research or other payloads that require retrieval after a stint in space, such as pharmaceuticals and other products of orbital manufacturing.

The concept has already been put into practice by Varda Space, which has landed five of its 3-foot-wide (0.9 meters), roughly 650-pound (300 kilograms) conical "W-series" capsules to date, one of which returned a payload for the U.S. Air Force after more than eight weeks on orbit. Starfall is more than three times as large, measuring 10 feet (3.1 m) across and 2.5 feet (0.75 m) tall. The SpaceX vehicle can carry up to 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) of payload.

Starfall has two primary sections, which separate after reentry: a top plate for payload storage and attitude control components, and a carbon fiber heat shield that stores compressed gas to power attitude control maneuvers needed for precise reentries and landings, heat shield jettison and parachute deployment, according to SpaceX's FAA filing.

SpaceX plans to launch Starfall on suborbital missions, in addition to the longer-term stretches it will be able to spend in LEO. The capsule lacks a propulsion system and is incapable of deorbiting itself. The FAA document is unclear about how this will be accomplished, but it's likely that this launch will use Falcon 9's second stage to bring the demo capsule back to Earth.

In the event that Starfall experiences some sort of issue in space or during reentry, SpaceX has designed the spacecraft for safe expendability. "Capsules use nonhazardous inert cold gas (nitrogen) for attitude control and contain no liquid propellants or hazardous substances. All pressurized systems would be vented prior to splashdown, therefore, no propellants would be released into the ocean," the company says in the FAA document.

SpaceX has not yet specified how long it plans to keep the test Starfall vehicle in orbit on this debut mission, and did not broadcast views of the Falcon 9 second stage after separation from the rocket's booster. When the Starfall payload returns, SpaceX is targeting an area in the Pacific Ocean for splashdown, about 700 nautical miles (1,300 km) off the United States West Coast.

On the opposite side of the U.S., the Falcon 9 rocket that launched the Starfall demo mission headed for a return in the Atlantic Ocean. It was the 29th flight for this particular booster, tail number 1078, whose previous experience includes NASA's Crew-6 launch to the International Space Station, a Space Force mission and 23 Starlink launches, among others. Following stage separation, about 2.5 minutes after liftoff, Booster 1078 fine-tune its trajectory for a landing burn and touchdown on the SpaceX autonomous droneship "A Shortfall of Gravitas" downrange in the Atlantic, touching down about T+9 minutes.

Editor's note: This story was updated at 7:10 a.m. EDT to reflect the successful launch of SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket and Starfall demonstration mission.

A huge, shining bauble of stars called Terzan 5 could be a clump of our galaxy's central bulge that hasn't been smoothed out into the mix, and has instead survived as a fossil relic leftover from the birth of the Milky Way galaxy.

"Terzan 5 may provide direct evidence that can help explain how bulges formed in galaxies throughout the universe," said Barbara Lanzoni of the University of Bologna in a statement. Lanzoni is a member of a team of astronomers, led by Bologna colleagues Giorgia Zullo and Francesco Ferraro, who tackled Terzan 5 with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Terzan 5 is a globular cluster — a huge sphere of stars with a total mass two million times greater than our sun's and a total luminosity 800,000 times greater. The problem is, Terzan 5 lies about 18,800 light-years away in the bulge of the Milky Way galaxy. This means dense lanes of intervening galactic dust block our view, significantly dimming Terzan 5's apparent brightness. That's why it wasn't discovered until 1968 by the Turkish–French–Armenian astronomer Agop Terzan.

Globular clusters tend to be ancient. They also tend to have formed all their stars in one giant burst. As such, all their stars should be the same age, 12 to 13 billion years old. Yet, a select few globular clusters show evidence of having more than one generation of stars. These include Omega Centauri, NGC 2808 and NGC 1783 in the Milky Way galaxy, as well as NGC 411 in the Small Magellanic Cloud and NGC 1696 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Several explanations have been put forward, including the possibility that they are the core remnants of dwarf galaxies that have been stripped of most of their stars by gravitational tidal forces emanating from the Milky Way. Or perhaps these clusters were simply massive enough to retain some molecular gas for future stellar generations.

When the Hubble Space Telescope took a look at Terzan 5 in 2009 and then again in 2016, it found that it too was among the ranks of weird globular clusters with two generations of stars, dating back 12.5 and 4.7 billion years. However, because it is behind so much galactic dust, not even Hubble has the clearest of views.

The JWST, however, does. Its near-infrared vision can see through the dust.

"Webb's new near-infrared observations, cross-referenced with Hubble's archival observations, have given us a much clearer picture of the history of Terzan 5," said study leader Giorgia Zullo, who is a Ph.D. student at Bologna.

The JWST detected two further generations of stars, one generation born 3.8 billion years ago and another 2.5 billion years ago. Four generations of stars is hard to explain for any globular cluster, which is why the team think that Terzan 5 could be something more primordial: a leftover building block of the Milky Way's bulge that was never quite assimilated by our galaxy.

"For some reason, this peculiar clump of stars formed separately from the bulge and was not destroyed as the bulge itself formed," said Ferraro. "Terzan 5 is what we now call a bulge fossil fragment because it resembles the primordial clumps that contributed to the formation of the bulge."

Disk galaxies sport two main components: a relatively narrow disk formed from spiral arms, and a bulbous core called the bulge. Galactic bulges tend to be the oldest parts of galaxies, forming billions of years before the disks, at least in the Milky Way's case. The JWST is seeing this process occurring in the early universe, revealing clumpy, young galaxies, but given the great expanse of space and time that JWST is looking across, the observations of the building blocks that go into making these galaxies are still not totally clear. With Terzan 5, we could be looking at one of the building blocks of the Milky Way's bulge relatively close-up, and it could provide new insights into the birth of our galaxy.

Terzan 5 is probably not the only bulge fossil fragment either. As well as those other aforementioned globular clusters, some of which might be fossil fragments and others might be the cores of dwarf galaxies, the globular cluster Liller 1 close to the center of our galaxy shares many of Terzan 5's properties, including its high abundance of heavy elements produced by multiple generations of stars that have died either in supernova explosions.

The team are now looking to chase up another 40 or 50 globular clusters in the bulge to see if they could also be bulge fossil fragments, or whether they are just regular globular clusters.

The findings were presented at the 248th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Pasadena, California which took place between June 14 and June 18. A paper describing the JWST observations has also been published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

The heavy hitters in space telescopes are about to be joined by a new contender.

NASA's Nancy Roman Grace Space Telescope arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), in Florida, on Sunday (June 21), for final tests ahead of launching later this summer. Roman was shipped to KSC from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, riding the agency's Pegasus barge from Baltimore to the Space Coast.

KSC is Roman's final stop before launching to space aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket where it will join other flagship observatories like Hubble, Webb, Chandra and Spitzer. NASA is currently targeting an Aug. 30 liftoff — eight weeks ahead of its original schedule. Before that date arrives, Roman will undergo tests inside KSC's Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility (PHSF), where upgrades were recently completed to prepare for the telescope's arrival.

Roman, inside a specialized, environmentally-controlled protective container used to encapsulate the telescope at the start of its journey from Goddard, was transported to the exterior of the PHSF building following its KSC arrival, where teams began a decontamination and cleaning process to ready the container for opening today (June 22) inside the PHSF airlock, followed by the unboxing and transportation of the roughly 18,000-pound (8,200-kilogram) spacecraft to the high bay clean room for prelaunch preparations.

Roman's work platform inside the PHSF, which NASA refers to as "the Pantheon" will allow engineers to perform final checkouts on the spacecraft, including tests of the telescope's six solar panels, insulation, and heat management components. Technicians will also load Roman with about 290 gallons (1,100 liters) of hypergolic hydrazine fuel, which will power the satellite's thrusters for delivery to its final orbit and small positional adjustments during the ten or more years the propellant is expected to last.

Roman is headed to Sun-Earth Lagrange point two (L2), a station-keeping point about 1 million miles (1.6 million kilometers) beyond Earth on the side opposite the sun. Lagrange points are regions of space similar to where the gravitational influence of two or more bodies is equal, allowing spacecraft to be "parked" and remain in place without needing to fire their thrusters and expend fuel. Once it settles in at L2, Roman's mission is set to last for at least five years, with the option for NASA to extend the telescope's use as long as its fuel lasts and instruments perform as needed.

Using its 7.9-foot-wide (2.4 meters) primary mirror, combined with a 300-megapixel camera and coronograph, Roman's primary mission will be hunting down the elusive mysteries of dark energy and the accelerating expansion of the universe through the discovery of "billions of galaxies, hundreds of thousands of new exoplanets, hundreds of blackholes, and … vast volumes of daily data for astronomers to study," according to NASA.

'Project Hail Mary' has finally landed on a streaming service, though maybe not the one you were expecting.

Amazon MGM Studios' "Project Hail Mary" recently launched (June 18) first on the MGM+ streaming platform, which is a sister site to Prime Video, after its 90-day theatrical window was up. As a bonus, there is a summer deal that lets you snag the Amazon Prime Video MGM+ channel for $0.99/month for 2 months. Be quick, though; this offer ends June 26.

"Project Hail Mary" sees reluctant astronaut Ryland Grace embarking on a cosmic rescue mission to save Earth, aided by a stone-skinned alien named Rocky. Fans looking for the Ryan Gosling space epic to show up on Prime Video out of the gate might be a little surprised, but as they say, That’s Hollywood, Baby.

Why MGM+ and not Amazon Prime Video?

Since Amazon MGM Studios is both a theatrical and streaming studio, deals are often shifted depending on the different monetization models involved.

In "Project Hail Mary's" case, MGM+ becomes the initial outlet for streaming and PVOD, with Prime Video as the secondary streaming destination. Movies making their first streaming stop on Prime Video, like "Red One," are handled differently within the corporation, especially if their costs were paid by Prime Video.

Directed by Phil Lord and Chris Miller, "Project Hail Mary" was a certified crowd-pleaser after a juggernaut marketing campaign that saw waves of teasers, trailers, clips, and interview videos anywhere and everywhere, which helped to catapult the popular sci-fi film adapted from Andy Weir's bestselling novel to a decent $678 million global haul.

Amazon, the behemoth parent company of both Prime Video and MGM+, possibly also made a decision to deliver the spring blockbuster initially to MGM+ as an enticement to lure prospective customers to the much smaller platform as a way to drive up subscription numbers. Prime Video's sweet MGM+ deal is further evidence of this plan's logic.

For now, "Project Hail Mary"'s interstellar odyssey is available exclusively on MGM+, but we’ll keep you updated when its official Prime Video date arrives.

The expansion of the universe is still accelerating under the influence of dark energy, despite recent claims to the contrary, according to new research. This means that dark energy, the mysterious force that dominates the universe, is not weakening but continues to get stronger, considered something of a "cosmological crisis" as it was so against expectations.

In 1998, via the study of cosmic explosions called Type Ia supernovas, astronomers discovered that not only is the universe expanding, but that the speed of that expansion is increasing. "Dark energy" was the name given to the mysterious force driving this accelerating expansion. Since then, scientists have discovered that dark energy accounts for around 70% of the universe's matter and energy.

In November 2025, research was published that suggested the expansion of the universe was slowing, meaning dark energy would be weakening. But this new research suggests that these findings from last year might not be a cosmic hand grenade thrown into the cosmological apple cart, but instead may have actually emerged from a scientific misunderstanding.

"Thankfully, we have averted this crisis, but the mystery about why the rate of expansion of the universe is still accelerating remains," lead author of the new refuting research, Phil Wiseman, from the University of Southampton in the UK, said in a statement. "The previous and well-accepted measurements were, in fact, fine, and our current understanding of the fate of the universe remains robust. By proving our measurements are correct, we can get back to trying to understand what this dark energy actually is, rather than wondering if it exists at all."

The research from 2025 that suggested dark energy was weakening was based upon a reassessment of the brightness of Type Ia supernovas, which occur when a dead star called a white dwarf overfeeds on a companion star. This causes a runaway nuclear explosion of such uniform brightness that it can be used to measure cosmic distances. In fact, these explosions are so uniform that astronomers refer to them as "standard candles."

This prior research determined, incorrectly it now seems, that as the universe has aged, the brightness of Type Ia supernovas had changed, leading to incorrect measurements of distances based on them as well as incorrect estimates of the speed of the universe's expansion. Both of these led to the suggestion that dark energy is weakening.

But Wiseman and colleagues found this previous team had made an error in how they calculated the ages of exploding white dwarfs, finding they had assumed the ages of these stars would be the same as the ages of the galaxies in which they exploded.

They also found the 2025 research hadn't accounted for a common correction used in cosmology that factors in the masses of galaxies in which Type Ia supernovas occur.

"Extraordinary claims require especially careful testing," team member Adam Riess, who in 2011 shared the Nobel Prize for the discovery of dark energy, said. "What we find is that when we calibrate these supernovae, accounting for different host environments and populations, the evidence for cosmic acceleration remains remarkably consistent."

While the challenge to dark energy's growing dominance over the universe seems now to have been refuted, the back and forth on this topic shows how ideas in science aren't dogma and remain open for revision.

"This is how progress is made," team member Mark Sullivan, also from the University of Southampton, said. "Although this idea did not turn out to be correct, it has opened up new ways of thinking about how supernovae explode and how we can measure dark energy more accurately."

The team's research was published on June 10 in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

You certainly can't accuse Remedy Entertainment of playing it safe and sticking to what they know.

2019's Control was a third-person shooter, last year's multiplayer spin-off, FBC: Firebreak, was a first-person shooter, and now this year's direct follow-up, Control Resonant, is a melee-focused action game. Despite the genre flip, though, it's undeniably Control — a freaky sci-fi horror mash-up that's dripping with atmosphere.

We played 40 minutes of Control Resonant at Summer Games Fest, and spoke with lead level designer Anne-Marie Grönroos about the new enemy designs, architecture, and sci-fi influences. Here's what we learned about one of this year's most anticipated upcoming sci-fi games.

"Control Resonant" has a new protagonist, but we're keeping things in the family as we take the reins of Dylan Faden, troubled brother of "Control" protagonist Jesse. Dylan Faden wakes up inside the Oldest House — a paranormal, space-defying skyscraper in the center of New York that acts as the headquarters for the Federal Bureau of Control (FBC).

Jesse promptly stabs Dylan, who wakes up surrounded by blood, death, and the massacred bodies of his FBC jailers. With no idea what's going on, Dylan flees the FBC to find that the Hiss — otherworldly crimson monsters from another dimension — have overrun Manhattan.

To fight these monsters, Dylan wields a unique weapon called the Aberrant (which just so happens to be the bar that Jesse stabbed him with). Much like Jesse's Service Weapon in the original, Aberrant can morph into multiple kinds of weapons, such as dual swords, an axe, and a scythe.

As a third-person action game (or spectacle fighter), Control Resonant feels like a toned-down version of Devil May Cry. It's just a bit slower and a bit more reserved, but it's still exhilarating to pull off combos and beat the snot out of the Hiss.

Combat is usually locked into arenas, locking you into an encounter until you've killed the Hiss. Larger enemies need to be prioritised, as the smaller Hiss will keep respawning until they're destroyed.

The Hiss are even more grotesque than I remembered from the first game; an observation that Grönroos was happy to confirm. "The enemies are a lot more mutated than they were in the first game," he notes. “They aren't just dudes shooting guns at you. A lot less human and more monstrous."

While Jesse was confined to the Oldest House, Dylan now has the freedom to roam Manhattan to find his sister. The first game's aesthetic was defined by the Brutalist architecture of FBC's surreal headquarters, and while you’ll certainly see that style here in place, Resonant pulls from a much wider pool.

"The further away you get from either the Oldest house or the Field Office, the less and less of that you'll see," explains Grönroos. "But when you see Brutalist architecture, that's also a sign that the FBC has a pretty strong presence here."

Manhattan has been well explored in video games — from Insomniac's Spider-Man and Tom Clancy's The Division through to "inspired by" titles like GTA IV — but Control Resonant's version of New York is a much more self-contained, streamlined version of the city that never sleeps.

Instead of an open world, we get a more linear platforming experience as Dylan navigates the rooftops like platforms, climbing, dashing, and double-jumping his way through the twisted landscape. This, combined with the psychedelic colors and trippy atmosphere, creates a uniquely surreal vibe that we really dig.

The Control universe is rife with sci-fi influences, with the fictional SCP Foundation sitting at the heart. The FBC investigates Altered World Events, where supernatural forces descend into reality and warp it. These lead directly to the creation of Altered Items, which are just objects infused with paranormal powers. It's all dressed up in a sort of 60s and 70s retrofuturism aesthetic, reflecting the space age and rise of media like Star Wars.

Beyond those obvious touchstones, though, there are surprising influences for this latest game. During our interview, Director Mikael Kasurinen mentioned Neon Genesis Evangelion as an influence for Control Resonant, with Grönroos adding that it heavily impacted the geometrical patterning in the game. "We also always have Inception as a reference. When you look at the city environments, this is the most Inception that we can get."

My demo ended with me facing off in a boss fight against a giant floating head with its jaw missing. Throughout the fight, it kept trying to sling rocks at me while keeping its distance, but I was able to keep up with its pace. Eventually, I managed to take it down, and then was taken to The Gap, a mysterious hub area where Dylan could upgrade his abilities.

He has plenty of upgrades to choose from, such as being able to telekinetically throw rocks, use them to form a shield, or conjure up this Aberrant into other weapons like a whip and hammer. I took a quick peek at each of the weapons and skill trees, and it seems like the combo system will definitely get more intricate later on.

There's a huge amount of variety in how to mix and match different weapons to dictate the pace and flow of battle. You can start your combo with a flurry of quick attacks from dual swords, and then come crashing down with a slow but mighty hammer at the end.

The action feels so different from the gunplay of the first game, and yet eerily familiar. Control Resonant also takes a page from Kingdom Hearts' playbook with flashy finishers. Dylan has access to a variety of them, our favorite being using the giant hammer to smash the Hiss into pieces.

Grönroos said that the biggest lesson that Remedy learned throughout developing its recent games, from Control, Alan Wake 2, FBC: Firebreak, and now Control, is giving players more freedom and agency. "Before Control, we used to just make these linear games," she explained. "Control was actually our first game where you could even backtrack, and Alan Wake 2 took that a little bit further, and now Control Resonant as well."

One of the highlights of the first Control game was the Ashtray Maze, a level where players had to fight against waves of enemies as they ran through a kaleidoscope of constantly shifting rooms and layouts. It was an adrenaline-fueled combat gauntlet that was equally exciting as it was fantastical. Grönroos was one of the minds behind designing it.

Can we expect something similar in Control Resonant? "There are definitely surprises," teases Grönroos. "Of course, I can't say what they are, but I think what made the Ashtray Maze really work was how unexpected it was. So I think there's stuff like in Control Resonant that's like that for sure."

Control Resonant launches on September 24 for PC, PS5, and Xbox Series X|S.

GOLDEN, Colorado — The moon is in need of good and accurate artists!

As NASA's Artemis program hits its stride, and in a few years "reboots" our moon with a human presence, there's an urgent need to guard against artistic misrepresentations of the lunar landscape, experts say.

We've all seen those alluring lunar renderings of vehicles and astronauts bounding about while setting up equipment and putting in place a moon base.

Reality versus depictions

"We are telling the public the moon is easy — it is not!"

That's the matter-of-fact warning from Daniel Britt, the Pegasus Professor of Astronomy and Planetary Sciences in the Department of Physics at the University of Central Florida. He's also the director of the Center for Lunar and Asteroid Surface Science.

Britt spoke about and showcased artists' misconceptions during a "reality versus depictions of the lunar surface" talk here at a Space Resources Roundtable, held from June 2 to June 5 on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines.

"I wish I could say that engineers and managers know better, but they don't. We are training a generation of engineers to not worry about terrain. If the artists are getting it wrong, it is our fault. Let's stop fooling ourselves," Britt said.

Well versed in what the lunar surface truly offers, Britt scolded a number of arty accounts of lunar territory promulgated by both NASA and commercial space ventures. He spotlighted what's wrong with those pictures — for starters, small craters and ever-present lunar dust, along with dirty astronauts, dirty equipment and dirty habitats.

Facts of life

A flat, dustless moon is not the one we are sending Artemis astronauts to, said Britt. Crews will experience coarse terrain, pervasive dust, and a surface unlike anything here on Earth. These are the facts of life on the moon, he said.

The Apollo moon-landing missions learned this first hand. But those astronauts explored equatorial areas. The Artemis program is targeting the lunar south polar region, which will be tough to deal with thanks to the low angle of the sun.

"When you look into the sun, it will be blasting into your face. But at least you'll see the shadow of that crater you are about to trip into," said Britt. "But looking down-sun, you won't see diddly squat."

"There's need to stop deluding ourselves," Britt told Space.com, advocating the creation of a 1-to-10 scoring system for lunar art, with prizes for the worst and best visualizations

"What I want to do is land on the moon way safer and easier," he added, "so you need to ask yourself what's missing from these depictions. We are training the public to think this is easy."

False impression

To support his concern, Britt spotlighted both Apollo moonwalker-taken imagery and the scenery as projected by artists, be it using paint brush or artificial intelligence-guided computer work.

"The sun angle washes out the rough terrain. Almost all the pictures taken from the surface give the very false impression of a flat, gentle terrain," Britt said. "The reality is that the lunar surface is heavily cratered, rough, very dusty and covered in regolith."

Most Apollo surface images were taken "down-sun" because looking "up-sun" was hard. "This leaves a very false impression of a flat moon with gentle terrain," Britt said.

Tilt problems

Apollo was pretty lucky, Britt said, observing that several of the six human moon landings experienced tilt problems. For instance, Apollo 14 experienced a 7-degree tilt on landing, and Apollo 15 had an 11-degree tilt on touchdown.

Apollo 11 had to dodge a boulder field. Apollo 12 and Apollo 16 landed on the edge of big craters. "Even small craters can be meters deep," said Britt, recalling problems encountered by astronauts on their descent to the moon.

"The dust went as far as I could see in any direction and completely obliterated craters and anything else … I couldn't tell what was underneath me," astronaut Pete Conrad said during an Apollo 12 debriefing. "I knew I was in a generally good area, and I was just going to have to bite the bullet and land, because I couldn't tell whether there was a crater down there or not."

Similarly, Apollo 16 commander John Young said: "I couldn't judge slope out the window worth a hoot, and that's the truth. Even down low. The ground looks flat, but I'm sure it would look flat if it had been a 6-8 degree slope, too. I don't see any way around that."

Getting it wrong

A flat, crater-free, dustless moon is a staple of imagery issued by NASA, the European Space Agency, other space agencies, and even private space firms, said Britt.

"Yes, these are artists' impressions," Britt said, "but somebody is telling the artists what to draw. I love the idea of landing and operating on a moon without dust, small craters, and rough terrain. However, we see the misconception of a flat, gentle moon everywhere."

"Commercial providers are just as bad. No dust, almost no small craters, no tipping problems. Yes, these are artists' impressions, and they are getting it wrong," said Britt. "NASA knows better. All these people should know better, but don't. Let's not fool the public. We owe them better data."

Prime Day kicks off tomorrow, but there are some excellent deals already out there on some of our favorite gear, such as this DJI Neo drone, which is $30 off. It's easy to transport and, thanks to its sub-250g, you don't have to worry about registering it under the current drone regulations. At well under $200, you really can't go wrong.

Get the DJI Neo drone on sale right now at Amazon for $169.

In our DJI Neo review, our expert James Abbott awarded it four stars, calling it "incredibly easy to use and fun." And, prior to the release of the DJI Neo 2, we ranked it as the best DJI drone for simplicity. It boasts autonomous flight, meaning you can tell it to track a subject, capturing 4K video as it goes. Or, you can control it naturally via the app.

• Check out our Amazon Prime Day hub, where we bring you the best deals of Prime Day 2026, including early Prime Day deals.
• We've also got you covered with reviews and rankings of the best telescopes, binoculars, star projectors, cameras, drones, Lego, streaming and more.

If you're a beginner, you'll be in high-flying heaven with the DJI Neo. For $170, you get nearly everything you need to get flying: a charger, a screwdriver and spare propellers.

You fly it via the DJI Fly app on your mobile phone, though you don't have to be super-attentive for fear of losing it; aside from its return to home facility, you can instruct it to fly in patterns or even track you (not as sinister as it sounds, I promise).

With an 18-minute flight time, it can capture 4K video in 30PS and a 12MP 1/2-inch sensor will capture snaps of whatever you see from above.

DJI is one of the leading names in the drone industry, and its products appear regularly in our best drone guide. At $169 from Amazon, this drone is a steal considering its capabilities and overall ease of use. This deal is already live ahead of Amazon Prime Day 2026, which starts tomorrow and runs until June 26. We have all the best deals across drones, technology and skywatching gear on our Prime Day hub, so stay tuned there for low prices.

Key features: Up to 18 minutes flight time, 4.76 oz / 135 g weight, video capture up to 4K 30FPS / FHD 60FPS, 117.6-degree FOV

Product launched: Sept 2024

Price history: We saw the DJI Neo drop to $159, but this is still an excellent deal. And, given the Neo 2 is out, when it's gone, it's gone.

Price comparison: Amazon: $169

Reviews consensus: In our DJI Neo review, our expert awarded it four stars, singling out its ease of use as a major plus. Its Amazon reviews are even more positive, with purchasers praising its sheer value.

TechRadar: ★★★★ | Space: ★★★★ | Toms Guide: ★★★★½

Featured in guides: Best DJI drones

✅ Buy it if: You're a beginner after a budget-friendly drone that's easy to fly.

❌ Don't buy it if: You're going to record hour upon hour of video, since it doesn't have a MicroSD slot. Consider the DJI Mini 4K instead.

The image of the day for Monday (June 22) shows the star-forming clouds of Orion A in stunning detail.

Released as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Picture of the Month, the image further demonstrates the impact the $10 billion space telescope has had on our view of the cosmos since it began operations in July 2022.

What is Orion A?

Located around 1,300 light-years from Earth and situated to the south of Orion's Belt in the night sky, Orion A is one of the largest and closest molecular clouds to our planet. Shaped like a filament, this structure of gas and dust is around 290 light-years long.

Part of the Orion molecular cloud complex, Orion A is a packed stellar nursery. Over the last few million years alone, it is estimated that Orion A has given birth to around 3,000 stellar objects.

The molecular cloud is also host to many young protostars surrounded by platters of gas and dust called protoplanetary disks, which, as the name suggests, will form planets. Thus, studying regions like Orion A could be key to understanding how the solar system came to be around 4.6 billion years ago.

Scientists have discovered that dying stars don't go down without a fight. New research suggests that when stars like the sun enter their red giant phase, they spit out blobs of plasma and receive a corresponding "kick" in the opposite direction.

Stars become red giants when the hydrogen in their cores is exhausted, and that core collapses. This results in the outer layers of the star where nuclear fusion is still occurring, puffing out and expanding the star's radius to as much as 100 times its original size. Those outer layers are eventually lost altogether, leaving behind a dense stellar remnant known as a white dwarf. The sun itself will undergo this transformation in around 5 billion years, swelling out to around the orbit of Mars and engulfing the inner rocky planets, including Earth.

California Institute of Technology researcher Jim Fuller calculated that before a star becomes a white dwarf, it will receive around 10,000 little kicks over the course of hundreds of thousands of years. The cause of these kicks is the ejection of blobs of plasma from the red giant stars.

"In this model, blobs of matter are chaotically being ejected from the surface of the bloated stars in an asymmetric fashion," Fuller said in a statement. "And every time that happens, the star gets a little kick in the opposite direction. Like Newton said, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction."

The blobs of plasma will be chaotically ejected in random directions, but this will still result in an overall net push on the red giant, a phenomenon mathematicians call a "random walk." This is akin to randomly flipping a coin to decide whether to move north or south and still eventually finding yourself moved from your starting position.

Fuller determined that for a red giant, this random walk would see a movement in a random direction at a speed of around 2,200 mph (3,540 km/h). This may seem like a lot, but it pales in comparison to the kicks received by massive stars that explode as supernovas.

The lack of an explosion in the transformation of an average-sized star into a white dwarf makes these events less dramatic, but we have still seen evidence of this happening.

Caltech researcher Kareem El-Badry has previously discovered that widely separated binaries are less common in cases when one star has undergone the transformation into a white dwarf. One possible explanation is that repeated kicks during the red giant phase eventually break apart these loosely bound stellar pairs.

"If the orbital speed of the binaries is less than the kick speed, the wide binaries will become gravitationally unbound," Fuller said. Fuller's model also suggests something that astronomers are yet to see. He predicts that in some cases the kicks received by a red giant could send it pinballing toward a stellar companion, causing a massive explosion when the two collide.

Astronomers could now search the cosmos for such events, the discovery of which would help verify Fuller's model.

Fuller's results were presented at the 248th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Pasadena. The study has been submitted to the Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

SpaceX just notched a remarkable launch-dominance milestone.

Elon Musk's company has now lofted more spacecraft than the rest of humanity combined — and its lead is likely to grow over the coming months and years.

Investor and former space-industry executive Christian Keil highlighted the achievement in a June 12 X post, which noted that SpaceX had launched 15,262 satellites as of that date. The combined total for all other companies and organizations since the dawn of the space age in 1957 was 15,138, according to Keil.

Musk founded SpaceX in 2002. The company was not an instant success; its first three launches, with the homegrown Falcon 1 rocket, were failures. SpaceX finally broke through with a Falcon 1 success in 2008. A fourth straight failure probably would have been the end of the company, Musk has said.

SpaceX soon moved on to the Falcon 9 rocket, which debuted in 2010 and remains the company's workhorse; it flew a whopping 165 times in 2025.

Most of those launches — nearly 75% of them, in fact — were devoted to building out Starlink, the broadband megaconstellation SpaceX has assembled in low Earth orbit (LEO).

Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of objects that SpaceX has launched to date are Starlink satellites. As of June 18, the company has sent 12,318 of the internet spacecraft to LEO, according to astrophysicist and satellite tracker Jonathan McDowell.

That number will continue growing far into the future, as Starlink could someday have 40,000 or more satellites.

And SpaceX is dreaming even bigger than that. Musk recently announced that he wants to operate a million data centers in space, as part of SpaceX's transition from a pure launch concern to a company focused heavily on artificial intelligence.

These spacecraft will be lofted by SpaceX's Starship megarocket, which is still in the test flight phase. Starship is the biggest and most powerful rocket ever built, and it's designed to be fully and rapidly reusable.

SpaceX has teased a future that features thousands of Starship flights every year as the company helps humanity settle the moon and Mars, among other ambitious tasks. So, it's safe to say that SpaceX doesn't plan to relinquish its launch lead anytime soon.

GOLDEN, Colorado — Scientists are engaged in research with an eye toward transforming the cold climes of Mars into a far more habitable place for Earthlings in the future.

One notion proposed is the dispersion of an aerosol meant to help warm up Mars' atmosphere. The idea is projected to be a first step toward terraforming the Red Planet. Also emerging recently as a new field of study is "applied astrobiology," which seeks to appraise what would be needed to create sustainable habitats and biospheres beyond Earth.

Scientists have drawn up a research blueprint for assessing the viability of warming the Red Planet, outlining what it might take to make Mars a place in space where life can thrive. Importantly, that roadmap does not presuppose that warming Mars is desirable. Rather, its purpose is to identify what is required for Mars to be warmed, what it would cost and what could go wrong.

Keep the option open

Edwin Kite, an associate professor of geophysical sciences at the University of Chicago, detailed the plan here at a Space Resources Roundtable, which was held from June 2 to June 5 on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines.

Kite's talk showcased a mission concept prototype to validate aerosol dispersal to warm Mars' atmosphere as a first step toward terraforming the Red Planet.

"Creating sustainable habitats and biospheres beyond Earth is an enormous scientific and technical challenge, but it's one we'll have to surmount if we're going to extend life beyond Earth," Kite told Space.com.

"We do not yet know enough to create a biosphere from scratch," he added. "Applied astrobiology, like planetary science, requires contributions from many disciplines."

Kite said that relatively modest research investments can keep open the option of extending life beyond Earth as the scientific exploration of Mars continues.

The roadmap, Kite explained to Space.com, identifies several approaches to warming Mars. Solid-state greenhouse membranes, he said, offer the nearest-term benefits, with direct applications to moisture farming and life support at human bases on Mars.

Strengthening Mars' natural greenhouse effect might warm large regions of the globe, Kite noted, although many aspects remain to be worked out. Each approach carries scientific and technical risks that research must address, he added.

A centuries-long process

Whether Mars can support a biosphere, however, is unknown. But, if activated, a biosphere on Mars would help sustain large numbers of people in bases beyond Earth, sparking the conditions for a centuries-long process of atmospheric oxygen buildup.

The questions raised by the possibility of warming Mars are numerous. But the immediate unanswered questions are identifiable, Kite suggested, and can be addressed with a focused research campaign.

He acknowledged that a consensus on moving forward requires more data on two fronts: whether Mars could support life in the future, and whether there's life on Mars today.

An approach to warming Mars would be inherently modular, in that it could be done by many sites in parallel, Kite suggested. An aspect of the endeavor may well involve orbiting reflectors for warming intermediate-sized areas, such as human bases.

Prototyping progress

Kite is also a resident researcher at the Berkeley, California-based Astera Institute, which was founded to steer science and technology towards an abundant future. And he's a participating scientist on the mission of NASA's Curiosity Mars rover, which has been exploring the Red Planet since August 2012.

Being scoped out by Kite and fellow researchers is a potential technology demonstration on Mars, an automated payload that would test an aerosol release concept. It would discharge less than 2 pounds (about 1 kilogram) of sub-micron artificial particles and laser track that dispersal to an altitude of roughly 1,500 feet (500 meters), to confirm ascent of the plume into the skies of Mars.

Kite said that dispenser requirements are particularly challenging. For example, researchers will need to show that it works on Earth before launching a demonstration mission to Mars.

There has been "prototyping progress," Kite said, with an experimental setup designed and built for rapid deployment.

To trial-run the particle dispersal concept and plume tracking technology, the plan calls for use of NASA's Planetary Aeolian Laboratory (PAL) at Ames Research Center in California this year. PAL is a unique facility used to support experiments under different planetary atmospheric environments, including Earth, Mars and Saturn's largest moon, Titan.

Filling big gaps

To help evaluate the feasibility of terraforming Mars, Kite points to the need for better maps of subsurface water ice on that world; climate-monitoring orbiters to observe the planet's natural variability; the return of Red Planet samples to Earth for study; and international cooperation.

"Mars sample return will be done by China's space agency. The original plan for their Tianwen-3 mission was to grab some rocks from wherever and then head back to Earth," Kite said. "The new plan is to go around with a helicopter and collect rocks from a wide area. I'm hopeful that they share their Martian samples, allowing all the world's labs to have a crack at them."

Then there's the prospect of an International Mars Ice Mapper, Kite said, a proposed Mars orbiter that's been studied by NASA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). However, that mission appears at this moment to have been shelved.

"It's a good idea and could always come back," said Kite. "We should search for deep aquifers using electromagnetic soundings — that's the best strategy. We don't know whether there's still liquid water deep underground. There are big gaps in our knowledge about Mars."

Demonstrations on Mars

Kite reported that warming Mars with artificial aerosol appears feasible, backed by workshops about creating a "Green Mars" and applied astrobiology.

If early findings from aerosol release demonstrations on Mars prove positive, Kite said, those results would provide the quantitative basis for "government-scale programs" to evaluate whether extending habitable conditions beyond Earth is achievable, at what cost and on what timescale.

"Even under optimistic assumptions, warming at kilometer scale is at least a decade away, and wider environmental modification would require sustained investment over many decades beyond that," states the recent research paper, which Kite led.

"Relatively modest research investments would keep open the option of extending life beyond Earth as Mars’ scientific exploration continues," Kite and his colleagues concluded.

SpaceX added 24 satellites to its Starlink megaconstellation on Sunday (June 21) with a launch from California.

A Falcon 9 rocket lifted off at 12:39 p.m. EDT (1639 GMT or 9:39 a.m. PDT local time) from Space Launch Complex 4 East at Vandenberg Space Force Base. SpaceX confirmed deployment of the Starlink batch (Group 17-28) about an hour after their launch.

The Falcon 9 rocket's first stage (Booster 1063) completed its 33rd launch by landing on the autonomous droneship "Of Course I Still Love You" stationed in the Pacific Ocean. The stage is just two flights shy of the current Falcon 9 reuse record of 35 launches.

The Starlink network now has more than 10,600 active satellites, according to tracker Jonathan McDowell. The service provides worldwide internet access, as well as inflight wifi and direct to cell connections for select providers.

Sunday;s launch was SpaceX's 72nd Falcon 9 mission of the year out of a total history 655 missions.

One of the most hotly debated mysteries in astronomy is set to continue, as new research fails to rule out self-annihilating dark matter as the source of gamma-ray emissions from the heart of the Milky Way. Known as the Galactic Center Excess, a spherical gamma-ray glow extending out for thousands of light-years from the core of our galaxy, this high-energy light has baffled researchers for over a decade.

While several possible explanations for the Galactic Center Excess have been put forward, including a population of rapidly spinning neutron stars called pulsars, one of the most prevalent has been a specific type of dark matter particle. Dark matter is the mysterious stuff that accounts for 85% of the universe's matter. It is effectively invisible because it doesn't interact with light or with "ordinary" matter composed of atoms. That fact has led to many possible dark matter candidate particles being proposed, including some that self-annihilate. This is akin to what happens when an electron meets its antimatter counterpart, or positron. The two annihilate each other, releasing energy into the cosmos.

For self-annihilating dark matter, these particles would be their own antiparticles, meaning when they interact, they would annihilate and release energy as gamma rays. With dark matter outweighing ordinary matter by a ratio of five to one, one might expect this annihilation to be occurring constantly, flooding the cosmos with gamma rays, but dark matter rarely interacts with itself in this model. Thus, dark matter annihilation is only a factor when this mysterious stuff is densely clustered in a region like the heart of a galaxy.

Unfortunately, investigating the heart of the Milky Way is challenging indeed.

"Interpreting the signal is particularly difficult because the Galactic Center is an exceptionally bright and crowded region of the gamma-ray sky," team member and University of Vienna researcher Florian List said in a statement.

Getting to the point

To investigate if annihilating dark matter could indeed account for the Galactic Center Excess, List and colleagues turned to machine learning trained on more than a million simulated gamma-ray observations. Previous similar approaches had pointed to comparatively bright, unresolved light sources as a potential source of the Galactic Center Excess. However, this new research showed that these point sources, including pulsars, would be extremely faint, and that is good news for scientists who favor annihilating dark matter as the cause of these gamma rays.

That is because, whereas previous research has suggested just a few hundred pulsars could be enough to account for the Galactic Center Excess, these findings indicate that the pulsar population at the heart of the Milky Way would have to be greater than 35,000.

"Our new analysis shows that the sources would have to be so faint that they would be almost indistinguishable from the emission expected from annihilating dark matter," team member Nick Rodd, a scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, said.

While this research may keep dark matter in the game as a plausible explanation, it far from confirms the annihilation of this mysterious stuff as the source of the Galactic Center Excess. "The origin of the Galactic Center Excess is one of the longest-running debates in astrophysics," List said. "Our work does not show that dark matter is responsible for the signal. However, it suggests that it is still too early to rule out this possibility."

The team's research was published on Thursday (Feb. 5) in the journal Physical Review Letters.

The summer solstice has arrived, marking the start of astronomical summer and the longest day of 2026 in the northern hemisphere.

The summer solstice occurred at 4:24 a.m. EDT (0824 GMT) on June 21, as Earth's north pole reached its most extreme tilt towards the sun in its yearly orbit, bathing the northern hemisphere in its light.

As such, June 21 marks the start of astronomical summer, which is calculated based on the position of Earth relative to the sun, as opposed to meteorological summer, which is based on temperature and runs from the beginning of June through to the end of August.

How much sunlight will you get on the day of the summer solstice?

How much daylight you receive depends largely on your latitude. According to veteran meteorologist and Space.com columnist Joe Rao, it's all a question of latitude. "At the equator, the time from sunrise to sunset is about 12 hours. At temperate or mid-northern latitudes (approximately 40 degrees north) the length of daylight lasts about 15 hours," said Rao in an article for Space.com

The effect of Earth's tilt is even more pronounced 66.5 degrees north of the equator in the Arctic Circle, where the sun won't set below the horizon at all, heralding a full 24 hours of daylight, often called the midnight sun. You can discover exactly how much daylight you'll get on June 21 using Time and Date's sunrise and sunset tracker.

At the same time that the northern hemisphere experiences the summer solstice, Earth's south pole tilts 23.5 degrees away from the sun relative to the celestial equator, which gives the southern hemisphere its shortest day of the year during the winter solstice.

Want to know more? Then be sure to read our comprehensive guides to the summer and winter solstices to discover everything from the Latin meaning of their names, to what causes them and how they're celebrated around the world.

On Episode 215 of This Week In Space, Rod Pyle and guest co-host Susan Karlin talk with bestselling sci-fi/sci-fact author Dr. David Brin.

If you've seen "Disclosure Day" or "Age of Disclosure," you're going to want to join us for this fascinating discussion. Long known for his universe-spanning visions, storytelling skills, and occasionally contrarian viewpoints, Dr. Brin will not disappoint! Our discussion ranged from reactions to Spielberg's "Disclosure Day" to why people believe in AI and more.

Download or subscribe to this show at: https://twit.tv/shows/this-week-in-space.

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Space news of the week

• AiLIEN MINDS

Model Falcon 9!

Finally, did you know you can launch your own SpaceX rocket? Model rocket maker Estes' stunning scale model of a Falcon 9 rocket that you can pick up now. The launchable model is a detailed recreation of the Falcon 9 and retails for $149.99. You can save 10% by using the code IN-COLLECTSPACE at checkout, courtesy of our partners collectSPACE.com.

About This Week In Space

This Week in Space covers the new space age. Every Friday we take a deep dive into a fascinating topic. What's happening with the new race to the moon and other planets? When will SpaceX really send people to Mars?

Join Rod Pyle and Tariq Malik from Space.com as they tackle those questions and more each week on Friday afternoons. You can subscribe today on your favorite podcatcher.

Astronomers have used a technique called echo mapping to detect hints that supermassive black holes, such as the cosmic titan at the heart of the Milky Way, known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), are surrounded by dense clouds and clusters of dark matter. The research could teach us more about this mysterious substance and the environments around supermassive black holes.

Dark matter is the universe's most mysterious stuff, outweighing ordinary matter in the cosmos by a ratio of five to one — but remaining effectively invisible because it doesn't interact with electromagnetic radiation, including the light we use to see. The only way scientists can even infer the presence of dark matter is via its interaction with gravity, and the impact that this interaction has on objects made of traditional matter like stars. For instance, the gravitational effect of dark matter allows stars at the edges of galaxies to whip around at much greater speeds while not flying loose than the visible matter of those galaxies would allow.

This team decided to test the gravitational influence of dark matter at the hearts of galaxies, environments dominated by supermassive black holes which can have masses millions or even billions of times that of the sun. Ordinary matter around these supermassive black holes is often very visible, especially when spiraling into the maw of one of these cosmic titans from a flattened cloud called an accretion disk. This is because the gravitational influence of those black holes generates immense amounts of friction, causing them to grow brightly. That wouldn't work for dark matter; it can't feel friction because it doesn't interact with itself or with ordinary matter, and it can't glow because it doesn't absorb or emit light.

Clearly, dark matter can't be spotted around supermassive black holes even using the most advanced telescopes such as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), which has captured glowing rings of material around Sgr A* and around a more distant supermassive black hole that rules the heart of the galaxy Messier 87 (M87).

While discussing the problem of detecting dark matter around supermassive black holes, Mayank Sharma, a physics graduate student at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), hit on an interesting solution.

"We could actually test this prediction using a technique in astronomy, which allows you to measure the distance to the surrounding gas by looking for echoes of light," Sharma said in a statement. The technique Sharma refers to is "reverberation mapping," and it has become a trusted method of determining the mass of black holes.

Echoes of dark matter

Reverberation mapping is based upon the fact that as matter falls into a black hole, it releases a burst of energy that causes the accretion disk it comes from to pulse. This pulse of light travels from the accretion disk to gas in the wider environment of the black hole. This gas absorbs that light and also pulses, with this secondary pulse serving as an echo of the first.

Because we know the speed of light, when astronomers see the first pulse of light and then its echo, they can use the time between pulses to estimate the distance between the black hole and the gas on the outskirts of its environment. The size of a black hole and the distance between it and outer gas clouds can be used to determine its mass, and could also be used to determine the mass of dark matter clustered around it.

The team applied their method to 14 different galaxies, finding in five cases that mass increases moving away from the central black hole in a way that couldn't be accounted for by visible matter alone. Despite the early success of this research, it far from proves that supermassive black holes are indeed gathering places for dark matter. The team's findings do point an interesting way forward for the investigation into the universe's most mysterious substance and its most mysterious regions.

"These galaxies are definitely showing a hint that there is extra material that cannot be explained by just the supermassive black hole," Sharma said. "The prospects are exciting."

The team's research was published in the journal Physical Review D.

An asteroid now bears the name of beloved musician Elliott Smith, thanks to one ambitious filmmaker.

Elliott Smith passed away at the age of 34 in 2003, but his impact and his music continue to connect with people around the world. And his influence has now extended to space, thanks to independent filmmaker Orlando Campopiano, who worked to get an asteroid named "Elliottsmith."

"I hope this introduces at least one new person to Elliott's brilliant discography, and I'm happy to see a permanent legacy in the stars! To have this tribute to him blessed by the estate and discoverers is also a great honor," Campopiano told Stereogum.

While listening to the song "Shooting Star," from Smith's album "From a Basement on the Hill," which was released in 2004 following his death, Campopiano had the idea to try and get an asteroid named after Smith, he told Stereogum.

He took this inspiration and ran with it, connecting with Smith's estate and working together to submit a proposal to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which gives official names to cosmic objects, including asteroids. Maybe there are some Elliott Smith fans at the IAU, because the organization actually said yes.

With this positive response, Asteroid (861969) 2014 OS439 is now officially "Elliottsmith."

The asteroid was discovered back in 2014 by the Pan-STARRS 1 (Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System) project in Hawai'i.

The IAU's announcement of the renaming reads: "Steven Paul 'Elliott' Smith (1969–2003) was an influential, Oscar-nominated American songwriter. His intricate music left a lasting impact on many musicians. Asteroid 861969 honors his birth date, August 6, 1969. Smith often used celestial motifs in his work, notably in the song 'Shooting Star,' which, in hindsight, symbolizes his brief but brilliant light."

As this classification states, this asteroid is more than just a random rock in the sky. Its previous, numerical name 861969 happens to perfectly mirror Smith's birthday. This cosmic alignment makes it feel like this naming was truly meant to be.

You can get a look at the asteroid's place in our solar system on the small-body website of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which you can find here.

GOLDEN, Colorado – Here on Earth, centuries of accumulated engineering knowhow, hard-learned lessons, and societal evolution have shaped a robust framework of building standards that govern how we build and maintain buildings today.

But now, as humanity prepares to put in place a "sustained presence" on the moon, how do we guarantee the safety and integrity of structures built in an environment for which no such tradition exists?

At the 26th Space Resources Roundtable held June 2-5 on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines, one expert says what's needed is a lunar building code, the development of specific design criteria for the moon.

What's shaking?

Both NASA and China's space agency are planning to build habitats, landing pads, equipment shelters, and tall towers on the moon. But all that construction could be off to a shaky start, suggests Nerma Caluk, an engineer and lunar specialist for Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, an architecture and structural engineering firm in San Francisco, California.

Caluk said there's a need to leverage terrestrial building experiences.

"On Earth, structural systems rely on strong gravitational acceleration to resist seismic lateral forces through both foundation friction and overturning stability. However, on the moon, the gravitational field strength is reduced to just one-sixth of Earth's surface gravity," Caluk told Space.com.

Because seismic inertial forces are governed purely by a structure's mass rather than its weight, the lateral demand on a structure remains fully active while its gravitational restoring capacity is substantially diminished, Caluk added.

"Low-profile surface structures risk translational sliding across poorly characterized regolith interfaces, while taller vertical structures face significant overturning vulnerability, as the moon provides only a fraction of the gravitational restoring moment available in a terrestrial seismic environment," said Caluk.

Here on Earth, structural engineers routinely design typical building systems to yield, crack, and sustain permanent inelastic deformation during a design-level seismic event.

They intentionally leverage "inelastic energy dissipation" as the primary mechanism for managing seismic demand, Caluk said. But this design philosophy is fundamentally incompatible with a crewed lunar environment, she said.

Take for example a hatch distortion or pressure seal misalignment. They constitute a mission-critical failure, and any structural breach risks catastrophic depressurization, said Caluk.

A group taking on the challenge of shaping guidelines on the building of lunar infrastructure is the aerospace division of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

The group's technical committee on space engineering and construction has crafted "Infrastructure Engineering, Design, Analysis, and Construction (LIEDAC) guidelines" for the moon, Caluk said, to tackle seismic issues imposed by moonquakes.

The LIEDAC guidelines, Caluk said, characterize the unique lunar hazard environment, classify operational consequences through a risk-categorization hierarchy, and establish target performance objectives "so that safe commercial development can proceed on a defensible technical basis."

Inherent uncertainties

Caluk also outlined a "Response Spectrum Analysis" supported by NASA Small Business Technology Transfer funding that looked at the inherent uncertainties of the lunar subsurface.

The output of the analysis has developed criteria emphasizing the necessity of a local geotechnical site investigation for all structures, regardless of their seismic design category.

"These investigations are critical for identifying and mitigating risks such as seismic slope stability, seismically induced total and differential settlement, and other geotechnical hazards that may be triggered or amplified by moonquake ground motions," she reported here at the School of Mines gathering.

Moreover, the framework that Caluk and her associates have pulled together, acknowledges that lunar site conditions are not yet fully understood on a global scale.

Design practices

Not knowing ahead of time what lunar explorers may face is an unsure, shuddering proposition.

"Therefore, responsible design practices must account for this uncertainty through rigorous subsurface investigation whenever feasible," Caluk added. "By prioritizing localized data collection, engineers can ensure that structural foundations are robust enough to handle the unique physical properties of the lunar regolith and the specific seismic demands of the deployment site."

Caluk and her team members looked at the maximum considered moonquake, representing a more severe shaking level, to verify collapse prevention and ensure overall structural integrity under extreme lunar seismic events.

"NASA's deep institutional knowledge of human spaceflight operations and crewed mission safety," Caluk concluded, "provides the critical foundation upon which structural performance criteria for lunar infrastructure can now be formally established, with terrestrial engineering precedent offering a proven methodology for doing so even under evolving geotechnical and seismic data conditions."

NASA has announced a new commercial partnership for the next satellite headed to the Red Planet.

California-based Relativity Space will design, build and launch the spacecraft that carries NASA's Aeolus instrument suite to orbit around Mars, where the probe will be the first to provide daily measurements of the planet's global environment. Aeolus will collect data on Martian dust and cloud cover, winds and temperatures, according to a NASA release.

"Public-private partnerships like this are a force multiplier for science," NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman said in a statement on Wednesday (June 17).

The newly announced relationship, and others between NASA and private industry, is designed to allow the agency to concentrate its resources on important science discovery. "By pairing NASA’s world‑class instruments with commercial innovation and investment, we can deliver more science, more often, and reduce the time it takes to get essential data into the hands of researchers preparing for future human missions to Mars," Isaacman said.

Aeolus consists of four instruments, designed to work in tandem to create a complete picture of the Martian atmosphere and its behavior. In addition to refining scientific models for the Martian environment, NASA plans to use the data to reduce risks to future robotic and crewed missions landing on Mars' surface.

The science suite includes the Doppler Wind and Temperature Sounder (DWTS‑Ozone), in collaboration with GATS, designed to measure wind speeds and temperatures present up to 37 miles (60 kilometers) above the ground. The Thermal Limb Sounder (TLS), designed with Xiomas Technologies, will create vertical temperature profiles and provide data on atmospheric dust and cloud cover, while the Surface Radiometric Sensor Package (SuRSeP) collects compositional data on those clouds and dust, and tracks how the Martian surface absorbs, stores and releases energy, like heat. Finally, Aeolus' Wide‑Field Context Camera (WFCC) will take daily images to assess atmospheric activity across the whole of Mars.

NASA is targeting 2028 for the launch of the Aeolus mission, which will be designed and built at NASA's Ames Research Center in California, where it will also be integrated on Relativity's spacecraft for testing ahead of launch. NASA has committed to support Aeolus' scientific operations for at least one Martian year (approximately 687 Earth days). However, the agency has historically extended its missions to Mars, when able.

NASA was recently forced to end operations of its MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) probe around Mars, after an anomaly led to a loss of communications with the satellite, but the spacecraft ran for more than a decade beyond its original one-year mission. The agency's only two active satellites orbiting the Red Planet are the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and Mars Odyssey, which are both operating nearly two decades or more, respectively, beyond their initial mission timelines.

For its part, Relativity will be in charge of designing the Mars-bound spacecraft and will also be responsible for launch and for satellite operations in space. The company's pathfinder launch vehicle, the Terran 1 rocket, lifted off for the first and only time in March 2023, but it failed to reach orbit. The company then pivoted to development of the bigger, partially reusable Terran R rocket, which is expected to debut sometime later this year. Eric Schmidt, who served as Google CEO from 2001 to 2011, was appointed to lead Relativity in March 2025.

Apple TV’s "For All Mankind" spinoff series, "Star City," places viewers directly behind the scenes of the hush-hush Soviet space program community in the late ‘60s and early ‘70s to witness all the harrowing missions, love triangles, espionage, sabotage, interrogation, and torture of those turbulent times. And believe us, there’s more than a little truth behind this alternative-history re-enactment.

Priya Kansara (who also voiced Ryan Gosling's AI spaceship in "Project Hail Mary") portrays Lakshmi Chadha in the absorbing new series. A gifted Indian aerospace scientist, Chadma, is recruited to Star City for a special, under-the-radar project by Rhys Ifans’ Chief Designer for the risky Venera-7 mission to Venus.

Josef Davies plays a younger version of Sergei Nikulov, a rocket engineer working at Soviet Ground Control, a character previously portrayed by Piotr Adamczyk in "For All Mankind." In that series, Nikulov becomes the director of Roscosmos and develops a relationship with Margo Madison (Wrenn Schmidt) during the Apollo-Soyuz program that leads to costly secrets shared and a very bad outcome.

Both Kansara and Davies both play pivotal roles in the show’s experimental Venera-7 deep space expedition and we spoke to them about crafting their roles. "I was very excited to play a much-loved character which people already know," Davies tells Space.

"But also to dive into it because this show has its own completely different identity. To be able to play that character that feels familiar but tells a lot more of the story to people who are interested in him and the world he came from.

"The whole experience has been incredible and something I hope continues for a very long time. I loved it deeply. Finding every moment of that character and really being able to have the reins to take control of it and play with it is my favorite part of the whole thing."

Kansara considered it a supreme privilege to play Lakshmi and to conjure up the character’s confident demeanor and innate determinism.

"She never questions her own ability even if the situation is not what was expected or somebody else doesn't believe in her," she reveals. "She really believes in herself. And when presented with a challenge she takes it head on even if it's terrifying."

"I really respect that strength that she has," continues Kansara. "It was so much fun to play and to explore that journey with her. The circumstances are so intense. Just some of the scenarios that are thrown at you, you’re like, 'I don’t have a relatable thing. This is not like life that we’ve experienced.' But it was fun to play with that as well."

Both Davies and Kansara had specific costumes touches that allowed them to create layered performances in their "Star City" episodes.

"The watch was a big one for me because it felt like it was mechanical," Davies mentions. "Everything was about precision and timing and all that. So that helped and it felt like an anchoring. Also my tie. I always liked for it to be a little bit too tight so I could feel it. That helped me get into that space. Honestly the whole thing was an amazing six months."

To stand out amid the drab colorless environment of Star City, costumers thankfully brightened things up for Lakshmi’s wardrobe.

"Lakshmi naturally had a little bit more color in her clothing because we wanted her to feel and look like an outsider," Kansara adds. "That was really important in terms of me walking into these bleak spaces. That physical reminder of me being someone who’s from the outside. The other thing was the Sindoor that I wear on my head, which is the red powder that symbolizes a married woman for Hindu and South Asian women. I wanted a piece of her that she can’t let go of. That’s hugely important. To put that on every day was a real grounding for me.

"We laughed a lot on set, we had so much fun filming together. It was amazing."

"Star City" season 1 is streaming now exclusively on Apple TV.

Heads up, stargazers! The notoriously unpredictable June Bootid meteor shower is set to peak this week — and anything could happen.

While most annual meteor showers follow a fairly predictable script, the June Bootids have a habit of surprising astronomers. Most years, the shower produces only a few meteors per hour. Occasionally, however, it erupts into an unexpected display.

In 1998, skywatchers were treated to an outburst of up to 100 meteors per hour, while another burst in 2004 produced an estimated 20-50 meteors per hour, according to the Royal Museums Greenwich. Yet the shower remains notoriously difficult to predict. In 2010, astronomers anticipated another outburst, but fewer than 10 meteors per hour were reported.

What causes the Bootids?

The June Bootids occur when Earth passes through debris left behind by comet 7P/Pons-Winnecke, which orbits the sun approximately every six years. As fragments of this icy wanderer's trail enter Earth's atmosphere, they burn up and create bright streaks of light we call meteors, or shooting stars.

When is it?

The shower is active through late June, with the peak of the shower predicted for between June 20 and June 27, according to the American Meteor Society.

How can I see it?

Most years, the June Bootids put on a very modest show with just one or two meteors per hour. However, they have earned a reputation for the unexpected, which is why many skywatchers keep an eye on them despite their modest rates. You never really know what the June Bootids have in store.

For the best chance of spotting a June Bootid, head to a dark location away from city lights if you can. The shower's radiant — the point from which the meteors appear to originate — lies in the constellation Boötes, which sits high in the western and southwestern sky during the evening for observers in the Northern Hemisphere.

While the radiant can help you identify June Bootids, you don't want to look directly at it. Instead, find a comfortable spot with a wide view of the sky and let your eyes adjust to the darkness for at least 20 minutes. Meteors are often easier to spot when you're scanning a broad area of sky.

WALLOPS ISLAND, Va. — For over 20 years, NASA's Swift space observatory has been conducting prolific science in orbit, hunting for signs of gamma-ray bursts — the most powerful explosions in the universe. Now, it's falling to Earth, doomed to a fiery death by the end of the year as its orbit decays.

But maybe not.

NASA, it turns out, has a daring rescue mission in the works, something never before attempted in space: the Swift Boost mission. The endeavor calls for an untested spacecraft built by the Arizona company Katalyst Space Technologies to rendezvous and dock with Swift — something the observatory was never designed to do — before the observatory falls back to Earth.

If all goes well, Katalyst's space tug (it's called Link) will lift the Swift observatory into a higher, safer orbit — one that will add years of life to the aging space telescope's mission. Liftoff is officially set for June 27, with Link launching on the last-ever Pegasus XL rocket, an air-launched booster built by Northrop Grumman.

"Frankly, I have to be honest: No one thought it was going to be possible," Shawn Domagal-Goldman, NASA's Astrophysics Division director, told reporters here on Wednesday (June 17). "No one thought we would get as far as we've already gotten today."

What stands out most is how quickly the mission came together.

It was just in September 2025 that NASA picked Katalyst to build a spacecraft capable of boosting Swift on a budget of $30 million. That was nine months ago. And now, the finished Link spacecraft — with its three robotic arms, three main Hall thrusters and a suite of other instruments — is packed aboard its Pegasus XL rocket and tucked on the belly of its L-1011 Stargazer carrier plane for a trip to its launch site in the South Pacific's Kwajalein Atoll.

"In the last nine months, we have gone from a clean sheet to a spacecraft that is currently integrated on a rocket on an airplane, ready to go to Kwaj for launch," said Kieran Wilson, Link's principal investigator at Katalyst Space, on Wednesday. "This is an absolutely unprecedented development timeline for this program."

Yet that "swift" timeline, if you will, is essential if NASA is to rescue the Swift space observatory.

NASA originally launched Swift (its full name is the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, after its late principal investigator) in 2004 on a $250 million mission to search the sky for gamma-ray bursts and other high-energy astrophysics phenomena in the cosmos. From its original orbit about 375 miles (600 kilometers) above Earth, Swift was a silent sentinel, ready to quickly pivot to new targets with unprecedented speed.

"Swift was designed to study gamma-ray bursts, short-lived flashes of high-energy light that release more energy in just a few seconds than the sun will in its entire lifetime," Swift principal investigator Brad Cenko told reporters Wednesday. "It's been extremely successful in this regard, detecting over 2,000 of these sources all the way out to the edge of the visible universe."

It was Swift that helped scientists confirm without a doubt that the heaviest elements we know of, including the shiny gold and platinum in the jewelry you're wearing right now, were forged by these explosive cosmic events, Cenko said. Swift was expected to last two years in orbit. It's well into its second decade now, and still in good health — well, except for that "falling out of space" part.

You see, Swift doesn't have thrusters, or a propulsion system of any kind. And over the years, an increase in solar activity — space weather from the sun — has puffed up Earth's atmosphere to create more drag on Swift than expected, pulling it down from its initial orbit.

Last year, the Swift mission team realized the space telescope was falling faster than expected. Without a rescue mission, Swift would crash to Earth by the end of this summer.

"It was okay for a generic spacecraft to come out of orbit," Domagal-Goldman said. "But this was not just any spacecraft. This is an observatory with unique capabilities for astrophysics … It is a swift observatory that can quickly pivot across the night sky to find things that go boom in the night."

"So we decided, yeah, we want to go save this one this time because of how special it is," he added.

A lot has to go right for Katalyst's Link spacecraft to rescue Swift.

The 937-pound (425-kilogram) spacecraft will launch into an initial testing orbit on June 27 and perform a series of checkouts to ensure that its basic systems (three main engines, 16 reaction control thrusters, solar arrays, robotic arms) are all working properly.

"We'll have a commissioning period of a few weeks, after which we will begin maneuvers in order to approach Swift," Wilson said.

Once Link reaches Swift's orbit, it will perform a series of proximity operations, dock, and then raise the space observatory to its initial orbit over the period of a several months. If that goes to plan, Swift could be back to performing science by this fall, Cenko said. (The telescope has been in a low-power mode to preserve what orbit it can since February.)

If Link is successful, Swift could get another five or more years of life in space. Link, meanwhile, will detach and be intentionally deorbited (meaning it will fall to Earth on purpose) to end its mission.

"All this is challenging and risky," Wilson said. "There's a lot of spacecraft that have had far longer development cycles with far more funding behind them that have failed for mundane reasons."

A lot of simple things can go wrong.

For example, the solar arrays on Link might malfunction, Wilson said. Swift has been in orbit for so long, its protective insulation blankets may be as brittle as glass and break when Link's robotic arms grab on, he added.

And then there's the sun. It was increased solar activity that put Swift in its perilous situation. That activity is ongoing. In fact, Swift may be one big solar storm away from doom if the sun fires off a major storm before Katalyst's Link can reach it.

Swift is on track to fall below an altitude of 186 miles (300 km) by October. At that point, it may be too low for Link to reach the observatory. A surprise solar storm could accelerate that fall, but NASA remains hopeful.

"At the moment, we think we have several months where Swift will be at a sufficiently high altitude to give Katalyst folks a great chance to capture and boost us," Cenko said.

Katalyst is banking on the future need for spacecraft servicing and life extension in space. This week, the company raised $12 million in funding to develop an even more capable spacecraft called Nexus, which it plans to "expand satellite servicing to multi-orbit, multi-mission operations."

"Over the last decade or so, we've gotten very good at launching things into space," said Robert Lamontagne, Katalyst's vice president for strategic partnerships. "Katalyst is here really to kind of demark the end of that throwaway model, and the start of a new model."

The first test flight of a Nexus mission could launch in 2027. Its target: a U.S. Space Force satellite called Rooster in geostationary orbit 22,236 miles (35,786 km) above Earth, much higher than the Swift observatory. That Nexus-1 mission will launch atop an Ariane 6 rocket next year.

One new mission is setting out to study menstruation in microgravity for the first time ever.

Forty-six years ago, NASA engineers asked Sally Ride if 100 tampons was the right amount to send with her for a six-day spaceflight. Though people laugh at that fact today, there has still never been any scientific study dedicated to studying menstruation in space. But a non-profit called Operation Period aims to change that. Led by Gen-Z researchers, this non-profit works to provide what its founder Manju Bangalore calls "menstrual freedom," which she says would mean everyone can have easy access to menstrual products. Meanwhile, the organization also aims to tackle the wider issues that leave people without such access in the first place. With its upcoming suborbital mission Operation Period-01 (OP-01), this ambitious team is taking their cause into microgravity. On OP-01, the mission's founder will launch to space to conduct the research themselves on a Virgin Galactic suborbital flight in 2027.

In conducting their work here on Earth, Operation Period found that "there were still some of those same gaps in spaceflight medicine," Manju Bangalore, the founder and executive director of Operation Period and research astronaut in training for OP-01, told Space.com. " I want all menstruators to be able to live life with their full dignity and reach their fullest potential, and that includes astronauts."

With a background in physics and astronomical engineering as well as with training in bioastronautics and having spent time working at NASA, Bangalore brings her love of space to this cause. She and Priya Abiram, the Director of Research at Operation Period's Redshift Lab, feel so strongly about their message, even 9 years since the pair founded their non-profit; in fact, with this mission, the two will become some of the youngest South Asian women to travel to space.

"On a personal level, I've always been fascinated by space and human space exploration. It's what's always excited me as a child, and I've kept that curiosity going," Bangalore said. "I didn't think those two missions would ever combine into this. It wasn't something I ever planned, but I'm very grateful to lead this historic mission to advance menstrual health in this way."

And just as this team is excited to bring their research into a suborbital environment, Virgin Galactic is excited to be expanding the range of microgravity science the non-profit supports. "This mission with Operation Period is a powerful example of how Virgin Galactic can continue to support real-time, in-flight scientific investigation into long-overlooked areas of human health, helping advance more inclusive and innovative exploration that delivers insight for both space and life on Earth," Virgin Galactic director of system analysis & research Amber Favaregh said in an emailed statement.

Recently, Operation Period expanded to include a research wing, and this mission will be conducted under that umbrella. The team was not yet able to share specific details on the exact protocol that will be conducted during the mission, information they said will be shared at a date closer to launch, but they did share the current issues that this research aims to begin to address.

Currently, astronauts typically choose to fully suppress their periods during their spaceflights, through hormonal IUDs or oral contraceptive pills. While that is a choice astronauts might continue to make in the future, without data to show the reality of dealing with a period in space, astronauts are left with fewer choices with their own bodies. Comprehensive data on menstruation in space will also be important if astronauts are to complete longer spaceflights or even extended stays on the moon. While the mission has not yet revealed its priorities and exactly what data it will collect, with such limited data on menstruation in space, there is a lot of knowledge to be gained.

While "the data that we have, although limited, says that it is generally safe to menstruate, in terms of long duration missions, we don't have quantitative data," Bangalore said. "We don't have enough data to continue to assist with patient resource allocation for mission planners."

Historic missteps like the "100 questions" moment with Sally Ride highlight an issue that could have big effects on future, longer-term missions. Sure, having a ridiculous number of backup products would ensure that there is no need unaddressed, mass considerations for spaceflight are extremely serious and future missions will need to have better data to know what will be needed in a microgravity environment.

And just like with other science in space, the research conducted in microgravity will also be used on Earth. The pair aim to collect menstruation data that will benefit astronauts as well as people back on our home planet. .

"I think on Earth, there's a lot of gaps right now in menstrual health research," Bangalore said. As just one example, she cited recent findings that menstrual product companies were reporting incorrect absorbency of their products because they were testing products with saline, which is very different from menstrual blood. "This was potentially leading to doctors to underdiagnosed heavy menstrual bleeding, which right now the stats say affects 20% of American menstruators," Bangalore said.

With this being the first mission of its kind, OP-01 will not answer every question that remains about menstruation and space, but it will bring data to a conversation decades in the making. "Our hope is to continue to iterate this research so that we can do future suborbital flights, as well as orbital flights, to continue to create larger data sets," Bangalore said. "I think the point of preliminary studies is to be able to know what questions to ask in the future, so we don't expect that this suborbital flight will solve everything or create all the data that we need, right, but we hope that this will be a good stepping stone."

Momentum for this research was actually sparked by many millions of views on a viral social media video in which Bangalore conducted an early version of a menstrual fluid dynamic experiment in a low-gravity environment aboard a parabolic flight.

This viral moment "ended up being a really cool kind of 'in' to continue talking about destigmatizing periods," she said. "Through that, I got to talk more about the gaps in spaceflight medicine, in terms of menstrual health."

It's Juneteenth in the U.S. today (June 19), a federal holiday that commemorates the end of slavery in America.

Though the Civil War ended in April of 1865, it wasn't until June 19 that same year when Union soldiers officially enforced the law that all enslaved people would be free. But the end of slavery was only the beginning of the challenges soon to follow; for one, segregation between Black and white people in the U.S., both systemic and informal, persisted for years. And we still live in a time when active racism, and the consequences of prior racism, trickle into many aspects of society.

It indeed affected NASA; Black women at the agency were once discriminated against despite making serious contributions to the space program. Our image of the day today celebrates the accomplishments of one such woman, Annie Easley.

Who is Annie Easley?

In 1955, Annie Easley started working for NASA's predecessor organization, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Her job was to serve as a "human computer," which was a position unique to the time. (NACA was dissolved in 1958, and its duties and personnel were taken on by the newly created NASA.)

Human computers at NACA and NASA were women who worked as basically early versions of computer programmers. To be a human computer, you had to be extremely good at mathematics, performing reliable calculations on a consistent basis to aid space missions.

Eventually, though, NASA moved toward the use of machine computers more often; Easley transitioned along with the space agency, ultimately becoming a full-fledged computer programmer.

As NASA explains, Easley's career shifted once again as it progressed. After some time, she took a position as the space agency's EEO, or Equal Employment Opportunity, counselor. She worked with NACA/NASA for 34 years before retiring in 1989. She passed away in 2011.

The importance of NASA's human computers

Like Easley, many of NASA's human computers became computer programmers once the agency made the transition to relying more heavily on machine computers. They together performed hundreds of thousands of calculations for the space program.

Easley alone was able to develop code that was crucial in research of energy-conversion systems, which paved the way for hybrid vehicles like the Centaur upper-stage rocket. Down the line, this work of hers contributed to the 1997 launch of the Cassini spacecraft that headed to Saturn.

However, the story wasn't as golden as it sounds retrospectively. Though NACA started hiring white women as "computers" in 1935, the agency didn't begin allowing Black women to enter the workforce until 1943. And that was only due to a shortage of professionals because of World War 2. In fact, human computers at the agency were not called professionals but rather "subprofessionals," and they were regularly talked down to by men who worked at the organization.

Black women had it particularly bad: They had to jump through hoops imposed by both racism and sexism.

Easley was one of just four African Americans out of 2,500 employees at NACA when she was hired.

In a 2001 interview, Easley recalled her mother saying to her: "'You can be anything you want to. It doesn't matter what you look like, what your size is, what your color is. You can be anything you want to, but you do have to work at it.'"

"I still believe that," she said.

Each November in the Northern Hemisphere, the astronomy world cranks up a gear. As Orion's Belt and the bright stars of winter appear in the east just after an early sunset, telescopes are added to Christmas lists. True darkness has arrived — long winter nights when stargazing sessions can go on for many hours. The blanket of stars has arrived.

I used to think beginners should start stargazing in winter. That's what astronomy books always imply: crisp, dark skies and brilliant stars, with the constellation Orion and its spectacular nebula dominating the heavens. My own book, A Stargazing Program for Beginners, outlines a month-by-month program to reveal all the night sky's biggest and most beautiful secrets in just one year — starting in January. Technically, it's all true. Winter skies are spectacular. But they're also cold enough to make most normal people give up after 15 minutes.

June is different. June is when the sky becomes readable. The nights are shorter, yes, and in the northern U.S., Canada and much of Europe, true darkness arrives very late near this weekend's solstice. But that softness is exactly what makes it approachable. You don't step into a black void filled with unfamiliar stars, shivering as you do so. You ease into it through lingering twilight, warm air, and a handful of large, obvious patterns that repeat night after night. Stargazing becomes a slow, easy, unrushed affair — and there's so much to see.

What's happening and when to look

Just as winter brings many hours of darkness that are hard to make use of — because of cold and clouds — summer brings the opposite problem. In June, you can stand outside in shirtsleeves, but only late at night. For example, in New York — at about 41 degrees north — sunset on the solstice is at 8:33 p.m. EDT, with astronomical night (defined as when the sun is 18 degrees below the horizon) between about 10 p.m. and 3:30 a.m. EDT. At 51 degrees north (much of Canada and the U.K.), astronomical night starts after midnight.

Wherever you are in the Northern Hemisphere, you can stargaze during the long twilight that begins about 45 minutes after sunset. With calmer weather compared to winter's haze and endless cloud systems, a clear sky is more likely — and so are camping trips under a dark sky.

There's another beginner advantage in summer that few mention: the learning curve is shorter. Summer constellations and asterisms rely more on large geometric patterns. You're not trying to memorize dozens of tiny stars, but instead you're learning shapes.

How and when I'm stargazing this month

Step outside around 10:30 or 11 p.m., depending on your latitude and face north to find the Big Dipper — the large spoon-shaped pattern high in the sky. Then use the curve of its handle. Follow the arc outward, and you'll arrive at a bright orange star low in the western half of the sky: Arcturus, in the constellation Boötes. Arcturus comes from the ancient Greek word Arktouros, meaning "guardian of the bear." It's an ancient star-hop, but now we know the science: Arcturus is a red giant star and the fourth-brightest star in the night sky. It's about 37 light-years away from the solar system and, at seven billion years old, it's older than the sun.

Even if you only find Arcturus, you've already learned a genuine navigation technique astronomers (and mariners) have used for generations. But there's more. Continue the same curve farther south, and you'll eventually reach Spica, a bluish star in the constellation Virgo. Its name means "ear of corn" because of its seasonal connection to agriculture and harvests. About 250 light-years distant, it's actually two massive young stars (12 million years old) orbiting each other.

Now turn eastward, where three bright stars dominate the summer sky: Vega, Deneb and Altair. Together they form the Summer Triangle, probably the single best beginner landmark in the Northern Hemisphere's summer sky. Vega is the easiest starting point because it's so bright and highest in the sky. Deneb sits below, and Altair appears lower. Once you can identify those three stars consistently, you've unlocked an enormous amount of the summer sky. Recognizing the Summer Triangle gives you orientation, confidence and a mental map.

Under darker rural skies, you may also begin noticing the Milky Way stretching behind Deneb and Altair later in the night. If you can't see it, you either need to stay outside a little longer (it takes 20 minutes away from any light — particularly the white light from a smartphone — to see it properly) or else the sky conditions are poor (which could include light pollution).

But even from cities, the bright and vast patterns of the summer night sky remain visible. Learn one new asterism or constellation each session — such as the faint outline of constellations like Virgo, Ophiuchus, Hercules and Corona Borealis — and repeat the process during your next stargazing session.

So lean into the solstice this week, do some real stargazing and build your confidence gradually while the geometry of Earth's tilt turns in your favor.

Stargazer's corner: June 19-25, 2026

The June solstice arrives this week, marking the longest days and shortest nights of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. Darkness is now at a premium, with extended twilight lingering well into the night and returning early in the morning, but the moon is back in the evening sky. On Friday, June 19, a 29%-illuminated waxing crescent moon will shine just to the left of Regulus, the brightest star in the constellation Leo. At the same moment, Venus will pass through the Beehive Cluster. It's the latter that you don't want to miss — it's a rare occurrence. On Tuesday, June 23, a 70%-illuminated waxing gibbous moon will shine next to Spica.

Constellation of the week: Cygnus

Is it a swan? Is it a Christian cross? Depending on how you look at the constellation Cygnus, it can be either, but its official name relates to the long-necked bird in flight. Positioned across the Milky Way, its most obvious star is Deneb — one of the anchor stars of the Summer Triangle — which marks either the body of the swan or the top of the cross.

Even in less-than-perfect skies, the shape of Cygnus is clear, and in darker conditions, it sits within a dense star field that hints at structure within the Milky Way.

Last year, NASA's Lucy spacecraft encountered a bi-lobed asteroid that is a chunk of an even larger rocky body that was smashed apart in an almighty collision 155 million years ago. This little pitstop happened on Lucy's way to a rendezvous with the Trojan asteroids that shadow Jupiter around the sun.

The asteroid 52246 Donaldjohanson, better known as "DJ" to Lucy's mission scientists and named after the paleoanthropologist who discovered the Lucy hominin fossil in Ethiopia in 1974, orbits the sun in the inner part of the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

The true Lucy fossil dates back in time 3.2 million years and is an important link in the evolutionary chain that led to homo sapiens. Likewise, primitive asteroidal bodies are somewhat like fossilized remnants of the building blocks of the solar system's planets, including Earth. Understanding the make-up of these asteroids and where they formed versus where they are now can provide crucial insights into how Earth was assembled and where its organic materials and water may have come from.

Lucy flew past DJ in April of 2025. It is a pretty primitive asteroid, meaning that it has, or once upon a time had, certain volatile materials such as water-ice, as well as plenty of carbon — all things that can be removed thermally over time. Most objects that contain volatiles originate in the outer solar system, where it is cold enough that the volatiles do not sublimate away.

Within DJ's composition, Lucy detected iron-bearing phyllosilicates, which are a mineral formed in the presence of liquid water.

"Phyllosilicates are an indication that water was present and there was some degree of aqueous alteration," Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist from the South-west Research Institute and lead of the study into DJ, told Space.com.

However, for DJ to have had water, it must have formed further out from the sun, possibly in the outer asteroid belt.

"But DJ belongs to the inner asteroid belt so that's already intriguing," said Marchi.

The spectral evidence also indicates DJ was only partially altered by water, which Marchi says tells us something about its history.

"The aqueous alteration terminated early, and though we don't know why, we can speculate. In order to have aqueous alteration there needs to be some internal heating [usually via radioactive elements] and if something forms later than everything else then there will be less heat [since many of the radioactive elements will have already decayed]. Or perhaps there was just less water to start with where it formed."

What we do know is that DJ was once part of a much larger asteroid that suffered a giant impact 155 million years ago, causing the parent body to break apart into a number of chunks, the largest being the 45-mile-wide (73-kilometer-wide) asteroid 163 Erigone. Consequently, the remains of this parent asteroid, including DJ, are collectively referred to as the Erigone family.

DJ's violent origin may also explain its shape, which features two lobes joined together by a narrower and relatively smooth neck.

"We have now seen many small bodies in the solar system that appear to have this bi-lobed shape, and that's across a wide range of sizes," said Marchi.

For example the near-Earth asteroids 25142 Itokawa, which was visited by the first Japanese Hayabusa mission in 2005, and 4149 Toutatis that was encountered by China's Chang'e 2 in 2012, are both bi-lobed. So too is the tiny asteroid Selam, which is a satellite of the asteroid 152830 Dinkinesh visited by Lucy in 2023. Then there are cometary bodies including 67P Churyumov–Gerasimenko visited by the Rosetta mission and comet 19P/Borrelly, imaged by NASA's Deep Space 1 spacecraft in 1999.

These objects are all different sizes, different types and in different locations, but they all share the same structure. However, Marchi cautions that they might not all form the same way. For example, the neck between the lobes of comets such as 67P might form through erosion via sublimation and outgassing as the comet gets closer to the Sun, whereas for asteroids it might indicate a history of being involved in a giant impact, the resulting fragments coming together to be bound by gravity – a so-called contact binary.

Lucy now continues onwards, scheduled to encounter its first trojan asteroid, known as 3548 Eurybates, in August 2027. Trojans are asteroids that have been captured by Jupiter's gravity at the L3 and L4 Lagrange points, 60 degrees in front and 60 degrees behind Jupiter itself.

"We think that the Trojans, based on our understanding of the solar system, formed further out and then were captured where they are today following the early shuffling of the planets," said Marchi. "This shuffling could also have been the origin of DJ, so there could be a connection there between DJ and the Trojans."

Compositionally, the majority of trojans are expected to be even more primitive than DJ, containing more carbon, water and other volatile materials that would sublimate if they got too close to the sun.

That is all except one: Eurybates.

"It is the only one of our targets that from spectroscopy appears to be relatively similar to DJ. It's not identical, but it is closer in composition to DJ than the other Trojans, so it will be intriguing to compare them," said Marchi.

Indeed, any similarities will help tell us how asteroids were herded around during the first few hundred million years of solar system history following the formation of the planets. Jupiter and Saturn, especially, began migrating inwards and then out again. In doing so, their gravity pushed and pulled minor bodies all over the place, as did the gravity of Uranus and particularly Neptune as they edged outwards. These migrations led to the formation of the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt, and ejected trillions of bodies into the wide orbits of the Oort Cloud.

"The key question is, if DJ has been relocated in the inner asteroid belt, then how many other asteroids came along with it and ended up being closer to the Earth, where they could have delivered some water, some organics and other things to our planet?" asked Marchi.

Lucy will visit six of Jupiter's trojans, which in total number over 15,300 discovered so far. Far from lumps of rock, the trojans, along with DJ and Dinkinesh (which is the Ethiopian name for the Lucy fossil), are windows into the past, and the storytellers of the Earth's most ancient history.

Lucy's findings from Donaldjohanson were published on Thursday (June 18) in the journal Science.

Astronomers have traced a high-energy "ghost particle" back to Shadow Blaster, a star-forming galaxy located 11 billion light-years away. That means that this particle, a neutrino, had been travelling to us ever since the 13.8 billion year-old universe was just around 3 billion years old.

The discovery offers the first evidence that star-forming galaxies like Shadow Blaster play a significant role in populating the universe with mysterious high-energy cosmic ghost-neutrinos. These particles get their spooky nickname because, possessing virtually no mass and no electric charge, they pass through matter with little to no interaction while moving at nearly the speed of light. For context, as you read the preceding sentence, over 65 billion neutrinos streamed through every square inch of your body; that's about 100 billion per square centimeter.

Despite the difficulty associated with detecting such particles, humanity has been spotting neutrinos since the 1960s, but only a few sources of these particles have been identified. Neutrinos are the second most abundant particles in the cosmos after photons, particles of light, and the identified sources are nowhere near enough to account for this abundance. That has prompted the search for other, hidden neutrino sources, especially those which can accelerate neutrinos to high energies. Now that hunt has led to the identification of the incredibly bright Shadow Blaster galaxy, officially designated JCMT0402−0424, which shines in infrared, as a potential neutrino source.

"Shadow Blaster possesses the kind of dense, gas-rich environment that theoretical models have long suggested could efficiently produce high-energy neutrinos," Yuji Urata of MITOS Science Co., LTD. in Taiwan said in a statement. "If confirmed, Shadow Blaster would be the first-ever individual dusty star-forming galaxy directly linked to a high-energy neutrino event."

Thus far, no other credible candidates exist as potential sources for this high-energy neutrino, designated IC 210922A.

Chasing ghosts

Astronomers were alerted to the existence of IC 210922A half a decade ago when this high-energy neutrino event was detected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory located in Antarctica. This set the astronomical community scouring space in the direction of the constellation Eridanus for potential sources for an electromagnetic counterpart to this event with a range of telescopes. This turned up no convincing gamma-ray, X-ray or optical counterpart for the neutrino detection, nor could any gamma-ray burst, supernova, or tidal disruption event (in which a black hole violently shreds a star) be linked with IC 210922A.

Urata and colleagues began their personal search with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), operated by the East Asian Observatory, and the Submillimeter Array (SMA), discovering Shadow Blaster, a galaxy in the right position and with the right level of brightness to be associated with IC 210922A. The team followed this up with an investigation using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), a collection of 66 radio wave antennas in northern Chile.

The detection of this galaxy was possible because it is strongly gravitationally lensed. Gravitational lensing is a phenomenon that occurs when an object of great mass comes between Earth and a distant background source, curving the fabric of spacetime. As light from the background source navigates this curvature, its path is curved. This results in light from the lensed source arriving at different times to our telescopes, causing it to be amplified.

In the case of Shadow Blaster, before the team could learn anything about this distant galaxy, they had to discover more about the object serving as the intermediate gravitational lens, specifically what type of object it is, its mass, and its distance from us. To do this, they turned to the Gemini North telescope and its Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) and the Gemini Near-InfraRed Spectrograph (GNIRS) instruments.

With the model of a gravitational lens determined, the team discovered that Shadow Blaster is a galaxy with an extremely compact heart filled with dense clouds of gas and dust that is fueling an intense burst of star formation. A region such as this has long been theorized to serve as a powerful particle accelerator. Because Shadow Blaster lacks a feeding supermassive black hole, this research shows that these regions can still serve as cosmic particle accelerators when they harbor sleeping black holes and in the absence of the powerful jets that erupt from active galactic nuclei (AGNs).

As for the overall population of neutrinos, this research could help account for that too. Intensely star-forming galaxies, or starburst galaxies, are believed to have been prevalent around 10 billion years ago in the early universe. Thus, these galaxies could have been producing a multitude of high-energy neutrinos. Proving that may prove difficult, however, as astronomers don't have the good fortune to find all of these galaxies lurking behind a gravitational lens, meaning they may be too faint and distant to study.

"Our analysis suggests that this population could contribute up to roughly 20% of the observed diffuse neutrino background measured by IceCube," Urata concluded,

The team's research was published on Wednesday (June 17) in the journal Nature Astronomy.

Using the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have discovered that the well-known "Pink Planet" harbors a salty surprise and an exotic atmospheric chemistry. The discovery marks an advancement in the study of cold objects beyond the solar system.

Initially discovered in 2013, GJ504b orbits a sun-like star located around 57 light-years from Earth. With a mass around 25 times that of Jupiter, this Pink Planet may not be a planet at all despite its moniker. It may instead be a brown dwarf, a failed star that formed like a star but was unable to gather enough mass to achieve the nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium in its core. Thus, astronomers refer to it as a "planetary-mass companion," which means a planet-size object orbiting a parent star.

GJ504b remains one of the coldest planetary-mass companions discovered using ground-based telescopes, with a temperature of around 550 degrees Fahrenheit (290 degrees Celsius). Although, that still makes it hot enough to bake bread. Now, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data reveals it has a key ingredient for bread making too: salt located in its atmospheric clouds, unlike anything astronomers have seen before.

"The Pink Planet is the coldest companion ever discovered using ground-based instruments," team leader Aneesh Baburaj of Northwestern University said in a statement. "Many teams all around the world performed follow-up observations to study its light, but it was too faint for ground-based instruments. That made it a perfect target for JWST.

"When we finally obtained its spectrum, it immediately looked interesting. But once we started digging deeper into the data, we realized it was not like anything we have analyzed before."

The Pink Planet is cold and old

The team studied this planetary companion by measuring its faint electromagnetic radiation emissions and filtering out the bright glare of its parent star.

They found the relative coolness of the Pink Planet is a result of the planet's age. Both gas giant planets and brown dwarfs are born blisteringly hot but cool off as they get older. This new research estimated that GJ504b is between 2.5 billion and 4 billion years old.

Breaking down light from the Pink Planet into individual wavelengths, the team was also able to determine its chemical composition. This is possible because elements absorb and emit light at characteristic wavelengths, meaning they leave "fingerprints" on light passing through their atmospheres.

"In the past, other astronomers observed the companion for an entire night with some of the biggest telescopes in the world to obtain a spectrum," Baburaj said. "And they could not see the object. With JWST, our entire observation took around two hours, and we were successful."

The JWST data revealed a rich cocktail of chemicals in the atmosphere of the Pink Planet that included water, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia. However, these observations didn't match modeling of the planetary companion's atmosphere until the team factored in something completely unexpected: clouds of salt deep in the atmosphere.

"We ran simulations with clouds, and the results aligned with what we know about cold planets," Baburaj said. "We tried three different types of clouds, and salt clouds fit best. When we accounted for salt clouds, it subdued the signature of molecules hidden deeper in the companion’s atmosphere. Then, the results became physically possible.

"This is the first time we've found that salt clouds are critical to explaining the spectrum of an object. It's a good reminder to account for clouds in our models."

Though this mystery may be solved, there are still questions surrounding GJ504b that will only be solved with further investigation. The Pink Planet seems to be unusually rich in elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, which astronomers call metals. This means the team still can't pin down the origin of the Pink Planet; did it form like a planet, or like a star?

That means they aren't quite ready to determine if GJ504b is a gas giant planet or a brown dwarf... or should that be Pink Dwarf?

The team's research was published on Thursday (June 18) in The Astronomical Journal.

Emmy Award-winner Barrie Gower has helped created some of the most memorable beasts and creatures in the entertainment sphere, including "Stranger Things"' Vecna, "Game of Thrones"' chilling White Walker, the Night King, and the freaky fungus mutants of HBO's "The Last of Us."

For director Travis Knight’s sci-fi fantasy film, "Masters of the Universe," Gower called upon all of his veteran skills to provide special makeup and prosthetic applications for Jared Leto's Skeletor and his entire band of weird henchmen, plus He-Man's gang of crazy companions. From iconic characters like Spikor and Moss Man to Goat Man and Trap Jaw, Gower’s ace crew was tasked with bringing these monsters to the big screen.

"We got contacted a few years ago about 'Masters of the Universe' in 2018 or 2019," Gower tells Space.

"It was with a different director at the time and a different studio. It was two writer/directors, the Nee Brothers, who co-wrote the screenplay for this latest integration."

"The project changed studios two or three times and eventually they came back to us and the timing was bang on," explains Gower. "They’d enlisted Travis Knight and his vision was quite different to the original take, which was very high tech, very clean, very Marvelesque. Travis was a huge fan of He-Man and the '80s cartoon, the toy line, and the whole IP and franchise. His passion and love was really trying to do this film project justice and make it as true as possible."

The master plan was to still give the $200 million feature a fun modern spin, but Knight was interested from a character perspective of creating full-sized human equivalent action figures.

"He wanted the world to be ultra colorful, ultra bright, and have this sense of awe and eye candy. We went through the characters to decide what would be practical, what would be purely digital, and what would be a combination of the two. Because of Travis’s background with Laika Studios he was very much into the practical techniques."

That was all music to Gower's ears and his BGFX team began the process of bringing the menacing egomaniacal antagonist called Skeletor to life.

"Originally Skeletor was going to have some sort of decorative golden mask in the shape of a skull with possibly some kind of disfigured makeup underneath," he notes. "But Travis said we’re doing Skeletor properly. He’s going to have a skull for a talking face and a blue muscular body. And this is the prefect example of a combination between practical and digital effects.

"He was set on the idea of creating a practical muscle suit for Jared, and his head would be animated digitally. We had a scan of Jared's head that we reduced and classically sculpted the skull based on the concept art, then we 3D scanned that for a digital file which we shared with the visual effects department for them to use as an asset to animate."

Creating this blue-hued Skeletor muscle suit was quite a complex job that included upper and lower body appliances crafted out of foam latex.

"It was using a lot of Jared’s muscle tones that we over-exaggerated and sculpted in more muscle sets and tones, but kept everything relatively anatomically accurate," adds Gower. "Then we went through a lot of testing and paint schemes. We originally did some silicone work, which is one of the most commonly used products in the prosthetics industry now because you get a beautiful translucency with it. But it’s very dense and non-porous and very heavy. So Jared would have been walking around with pounds and pounds of rubber on him. We did R&D and it was going in the right direction but we were running out of time, so we reverted to foam latex."

Jared's otherworldly outfit consisted of a foam suit, skeletal silicone gloves that fit over his hands, a foam latex collar, and then a hood fabricated by the costume department.

"We'd actually built two suits based on Jared. It was on a January morning and we met him at a hotel near the London airport," Gower recalls. "We had a very small window of time before filming so we were praying we weren’t going to have many adjustments to make. Jared came in, we got the stuff on him, and he was really lovely with us. Very funny, very jovial. He had just stepped off a plane!

"It went really well, just a couple tiny adjustments. We had a small team looking after him with his suit every day. Usually with prosthetics if you’re gluing it over the entire body you’re looking at seven or eight hours to do an application each day. Apart from times where we had to glue a few things on him here or there, we actually got him into his suit in about 15 minutes. He was a joy to work with. He was a lot of fun on set and there was this charismatic presence every day."

"Masters of the Universe" is currently in theaters everywhere.

SpaceX launched the latest batch of spy satellites for the U.S. government early Friday morning (June 19).

A Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from California's Vandenberg Space Force Base on Friday, at 4:50 a.m. EDT (0850 GMT; 1:50 a.m. local California time).

The launch kicked off a mission for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) called NROL-179.

The NRO operates the United States' fleet of spy satellites. NROL-179 was the 14th mission dedicated to building out a new part of that fleet — a network the NRO calls its "proliferated architecture."

"To stay ahead of the competition and ensure it can continue to operate in a heightened threat environment, the NRO is modernizing its architecture in space and on the ground — delivering more capability faster with increased resilience," agency officials wrote in the NROL-179 press kit.

"A greater number of satellites — large and small, government and commercial, in multiple orbits — will deliver an order of magnitude more signals and images than is available today," they added.

SpaceX and Northrop Grumman build the "proliferated architecture" satellites. Information about the spacecraft is hard to come by; the NRO has not released details about their activities or orbits.

All of these satellites have reached orbit atop Falcon 9s flying out of Vandenberg, on California's central coast, with the first such mission launching in May 2024.

To plan, the Falcon 9's first stage returned to Earth a little less than eight minutes after liftoff on Friday, touching down at Vandenberg's Landing Zone 4. It was the third flight for this particular booster, according to a SpaceX mission description.

NROL-179 was the 71st Falcon 9 mission of 2026. Fifty-seven of the rocket's launches this year to date have been devoted to building out SpaceX's Starlink broadband megaconstellation in low Earth orbit.

Editor's note: This story was updated on June 19 with news of successful launch.

When I first started using the Fujinon Techno-Stabi TS-L 1640 image-stabilized (IS) binoculars, they ruined other binoculars for me, at least any non-image stabilized models. The Techno-Stabi's high powered IS immediately immobilizes those shaky stars that are common with high magnification binoculars and the difference is night and day. They are expensive but are currently at their best ever price, so I would highly recommend grabbing them while they are discounted.

Get the Fujinon Techno-Stabi TS-L 1640 image-stabilized binoculars, on sale right now for $1,125 at Walmart.

We have rounded up all the best deals across all retailers on our Prime Day hub, which is updated regularly to reflect the very best current deals on space gifts. These image-stabilized binoculars are rarely discounted, so this is a blinding early anti-Prime Day deal from Walmart and we expect many more to come ahead of Prime Day on June 23.

• We've got you covered with reviews and rankings of the best telescopes, binoculars, star projectors, cameras, drones, Lego, streaming and more.

The Fujinon Techno-Stabi TS-L 1640 image stabilized binoculars sit near the top of the binocular pyramid alongside the other best image stabilized binoculars thanks to their premium Fuji optics, lightweight build and powerful 3-degree image stabilization (IS). It is some of the strongest IS on the market, only being out ranked by other Fujifilm IS binoculars.

40mm objective lenses aren't the biggest for stargazing, where 50mm is the gold standard for low light, but you can't complain when observing star clusters at 16x magnification with zero shake. Even if you were using 16x50 binoculars without IS, that extra light-gathering ability would be useless when observing overhead without a tripod, the resulting view likely to be a mess of squiggly lights.

My favorite target with these was the Mirfak cluster in the constellation Perseus, which I could actually identify at this magnification thanks to the IS. It's amazing using them without the IS, then switching it on and watching the detail of the night sky emerge. They sit in a higher price bracket than regular models, but they really are some of the best optics you can buy for a heavy binocular user and now with over $250 off their asking price on Walmart, it's a great chance to save money on some exceptional technology. We are going to be seeing a lot of deals on binoculars, telescopes and cameras coming up to Amazon Prime Day. It starts on June 23, so make sure you check our Prime Day hub for all the best offers on skywatching gear and space gifts.

Key features: 16x magnification, 40mm objective lenses,+/- 3 degrees of image stabilization, multicoated extra-low dispersion (ED) glass, roof prism optical desing, 1.9 lbs (856 g) weight, 30-hour battery life.

Product launched: January 2025

Price history: This is the cheapest the Fujinon Techno-Stabi TS-L 1640 binoculars have been since May this year, when they dropped to 1150 on Amazon. This Walmart price currently beats Amazon's asking price.

Price comparison: Walmart: $1,125 | Amazon: $1,199 | Best Buy: $1,199

Reviews consensus: I rated the Fujinon Techno-Stabi TS-L 1640 binoculars four and half stars for their smooth image stabilization (IS) and lightweight design. Other reviews remark on the high price but argue that it is justified through the exceptional performance of these binoculars, with the difference made by IS like night and day.

Space: ★★★★½

Featured in guides: Best binoculars, best image-stabilized binoculars

✅ Buy them if: You want stock-still images of the night sky while using handheld binoculars.

❌ Don't buy them if: You want high definition images of deep-sky objects, whilst they can get you better views of them, a special deep space telescope or smart telescope will get you more detailed views of galaxies, star clusters and nebulas.

Check out our other guides to the best telescopes, binoculars, cameras, star projectors, drones, lego and much more.

Astronomers have a cosmic mystery on their hands, investigating a celestial crime scene to determine if a distant star has eaten a super-Earth exoplanet. The star may have had an accomplice — a failed star or "brown dwarf" companion — which may have steered the unfortunate planet toward its fiery doom.

The team charged with investigating this mystery first discovered hints of the crime when they found the star, TOI-5882, located around 1,300 light-years away, is surprisingly rich in the element lithium.

"You are what you eat, right?" team leader Brooke Kotten of the University of Michigan said in a statement. "We know that there's much more lithium in planetary material than there is in stars. So if a star eats a planet, it's going to take on a bunch of lithium."

So-called engulfment events such as this one occur very rapidly, on a timescale of a few days to a couple of weeks, which means catching stellar beings in the act of enjoying a planetary meal is extremely rare. Thus, astronomers have to act as cosmic crime scene investigators to reconstruct these events with the evidence at hand.

"That's what makes this field so exciting. You really are solving a mystery," Kotten said. "We can't just watch the crime happen, so we have to work with all the clues we're given to figure out whodunit."

One of the aims of these investigations is to discover the ways in which a star can devour a planet. One of the most common engulfment scenarios happens when a star runs out of hydrogen at its core at the end of its main sequence lifetime. This results in it swelling out to up to 100 times its original diameter, engulfing its attendant planets during its so-called red giant phase. This will occur in the solar system in around 5 billion years when the sun will puff out to around the orbit of Mars, swallowing the inner rocky planets, including our own.

However, Kotten and colleagues know this isn't what has happened in the TOI-5882 system, as this star hasn't yet become a red giant. Instead, the researchers think the sun-like star had assistance from its brown dwarf companion.

Companion brown dwarf of partner in crime?

Brown dwarfs get their slightly unfortunate nickname of "failed stars" because, despite forming from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, just like stars, they fail to grow to the masses needed to trigger the nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium in their cores, the process that defines what a main-sequence star is. They're quite mysterious by existing in this sort of limbo between planet and star.

This particular brown dwarf has around 20 times the mass of Jupiter, or around 2% of the mass of the sun. That's not massive enough to trigger nuclear fusion, but is massive enough for it to have enough of a gravitational influence over planets orbiting TOI-5882. That means the team suspects this brown dwarf could have perturbed the orbit of this unfortunate planet enough to send it plummeting into its star.

This is something the scientists will need to investigate further. They may not have enough information yet to determine this planet's cause of death, but they do have some evidence that helps them identify the kind of world it would have been before it was obliterated. This comes from observations of the chemical composition and lithium content of 62 stars with similar ages and masses to TOI-5882.

"Lithium atoms delivered by planetary engulfment to a star are like sports fans arriving at a stadium," team member Seth Jacobson of Michigan State University said. "There may already be a few early arriving fans present, representing the initial amount of lithium in the stellar atmosphere, but they are quickly outnumbered."

From the lithium abundance they measured, the team has determined that this planet was a so-called super-Earth with a mass somewhere between two times that of our planet and the mass of the solar-system ice giant Neptune, which is around 18 times as massive as Earth.

"The fact that we can look at a star 1,300 light-years away and say with confidence, 'This star has more lithium than you would expect,' is a testament to both the precision of modern instrumentation and the hard interpretive work that goes into making sense of that signal," said Melinda Soares-Furtado, a senior author of the study and assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin. "And it's not like you have to cherry-pick the data to make it stand out. It's robust. No matter how you slice it, TOI-5882 is so enriched in lithium it shows up as being at least in the 97th percentile."

Soares-Furtado added that TOI-5882 is one of the few stars she has seen demonstrating evidence of planetary engulfment, although a few of the other stars in the control sample were enriched in lithium, albeit not to the extent of TOI-5882. That leaves another mystery for the team to solve, something that Soares-Furtado may well be quite content with.

"When I was growing up, I dreamed about becoming a private investigator," she said. "I think that explains a lot about where I ended up. I do feel like a detective."

The team's research was published on Monday (June 15) in The Astrophysical Journal.

Amateur astrophotographer Noah Gyles has shared a stunningly detailed view of the Lagoon Nebula, captured as it glowed 5,200 light-years from Earth in the skies above Rockwell, Texas.

Gyles' colorful image reveals intricate detail in the vast interstellar cloud of dust and hydrogen gas, which has been ionized by the intense ultraviolet radiation from the population of hot, young stars embedded within the nebula, causing it to glow with its own light.

"I live in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, so I often drive about an hour outside the city to escape the light pollution," Gyles told Space.com in an email. "Since I wait for nights that are both moonless and cloudless, I don't get nearly as many chances to image as I'd like, but It never gets old seeing a camera reveal nebulae and galaxies in parts of the sky that look completely empty to the naked eye."

Gyles captured 60x5-minute exposures of the Lagoon Nebula on the nights of July 18 and 19 2025 using an Askar FRA500 telescope and ZWO astronomy camera, in conjunction with a set of narrowband astronomy filters. "This was one of the first targets I chose after upgrading my equipment," explained Gyles. "I had imaged it before, but I wanted to revisit it using narrowband filters, which isolate specific wavelengths of light emitted by nebulae."

Over six hours of light data was then carefully combined and edited to reveal the incredible complexity of the vast star-forming region. "The first five-minute exposure already showed more detail than I was expecting," said Gyles. "After stacking all 60 frames, I was amazed by the amount of structure and faint detail in the nebula."

The Lagoon Nebula is best viewed in the months surrounding August and is one of the few star-forming regions bright enough to be seen with the naked eye, appearing as a faint blur of light that becomes more prominent through a pair of binoculars or a small telescope, according to NASA.

One way to find the Lagoon Nebula is to identify the distinctive "Teapot" asterism in the constellation Sagittarius, which glistens low on the southern horizon to the left of the Milky Way around midnight in late spring and early summer.

Find the three stars that make up the pouring spout of the teapot and draw an imaginary line extending from the lower star, Kaus Australis, up through the middle of the two upper stars, Alnasl and Kaus Media. Follow the line out into open space for roughly the length of the Teapot's spout to find the soft glow of the Lagoon Nebula.

Alternatively, locate the bright star Ascella, which forms part of the Teapot's base in Sagittarius, and the binary star system Sabik, which can be found on the opposite side of the Milky Way to the upper left of the red supergiant Antares. The Lagoon Nebula sits roughly halfway between them and is best viewed in the months surrounding August, so get out and take a look for yourself!

Want to capture your own mesmerizing views of the night sky? Then be sure to check out our picks of the best lenses and cameras for astrophotography, along with our roundups of the top telescopes for exploring the midnight realm.

Editor's Note: If you would like to share your own deep space astrophotography with Space.com's readers, then please send your photo(s), comments, and your name and location to spacephotos@space.com.