Van Allen Belt
Credit: NASA

 
Shortly after Sputnik's launch, American scientists led by James Van Allen discovered a ring of high energy particles encircling Earth. The finding was arguably the first major scientific discovery of the space age and confirmed Earth had a magnetic field shielding it from the solar wind. Scientists now know there are actually two radiation belts, both of which can be hazardous to satellites and astronauts.
Number 9: Humans in Space
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