High overhead around the midnight hour is a star configuration that people unfamiliar with the sky often mistake for the Big Dipper. Big it is. But -- at least in an official sense -- a dipper it is not.
This large figure is not usually described as a dipper in most stargazing guides; you shouldnt expect to find any recognized authority for this Autumn Dipper. When starry dippers are mentioned, most people immediately think of the Big Dipper and the Little Dipper in the northern sky, and perhaps even the inverted Milk Dipper in Sagittarius.
The Autumn Dipper, however, looks like a much larger and brighter version of the Little Dipper.
The "bowl" is composed of the Great Square of Pegasus, the Flying Horse. The Great Square is an unmistakable landmark of the night sky. The Square is not a constellation in itself but belongs partially to Pegasus and partially to Andromeda, the Princess, and helps a skywatcher find both. It is not a perfect square, appearing slightly battered out of true square shape.
Pegasus actually supplies only three stars of the Great Square: Markab, Scheat and Algenib. The fourth is Alpheratz, the brightest star of Andromeda.
The "handle" of our Autumn Dipper is composed of stars belonging to the constellations Andromeda and Perseus. Alpheratz, Mirach and Almach are almost evenly spaced toward the northeast and are the brightest stars in Andromeda. The next bright star, located along the same line, Marfak (sometimes spelled Mirfak), is the brightest star of Perseus.
Two of these four stars (Alpheratz and Markab) are valuable navigational stars and the nose of the mythical horse contains yet another in Enif.
Pegasus is, of course, the famed winged horse of Greek mythology. Hes been found on ancient tablets from the Euphrates Valley, and on Greek coins that were minted during the fourth century B.C. In legend, he was born from the blood of the gorgon Medusa when that monster was slain by Perseus.
When Pegasus was brought to Mount Helicon, one kick of his hoof caused the spring of Hippocrene to flow a source of inspiration for poets. In another tradition he carried the thunder and lightning for Zeus.
The old star atlases that used allegorical drawings depicted Pegasus turned over on his back with his body outlined by the Square. But for people today to honestly claim that they can actually visualize the upside-down front half of a flying horse is pure fiction or a masterpiece of imagination!
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Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for The New York Times and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, New York.
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