Makers of Tiny Satellites View Space Station as Launch Pad
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CubeSats are small and compact sensor-laden satellites that can help monitor phenomena of interest, such as Earth's upper atmosphere. CREDIT: University of Kentucky |
LOGAN, Utah – The International Space Station would be an ideal launch platform for dispatching tiny spacecraft to perform a variety of Earth-oriented scientific research tasks, some experts say.
The idea of using the $100 billion ISS as a platform to pop out sensor-laden probes has captured the attention of small-satellite makers, who are contemplating deploying palm-sized satellites called CubeSats from the orbiting laboratory to study phenomena of interest.
The idea gained momentum during the 25th annual conference on small satellites, convened here by Utah State University and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aug. 8-11. [Infographic: The International Space Station Inside and Out]
One study, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, has focused on an ISS CubeSat Ejection System (ICES). The space station would serve as a responsive-launch platform from which multiple CubeSats could be ejected, buckshot fashion, to support missions studying the Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere region.
Responsive launch platform
"This is a really complex region of the atmosphere ... There's a lot going on. It's hard to tell what's going on," said Phillip Anderson of the Space Dynamics Laboratory at the Utah State University Research Foundation, in North Logan.
Anderson and his colleagues report that the lower ionosphere/thermosphere is a poorly understood boundary between space and the sensible atmosphere of the Earth. He said the space station orbits just above this "inaccessible region," which could be studied by CubeSats hurled out from the orbiting laboratory. [International Space Station: By the Numbers]
The strategic location of the ISS makes it an ideal platform from which to address rapid-response science questions, Anderson said. For example, CubeSats can carry out on-the-spot measurements of space weather phenomena tossed out by the sun that impact Earth.
Need-to-have basis
The ISS platform itself is already an internationally accepted resource, Anderson noted. Numerous satellites could be deployed from the sprawling station – specifically from the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module, one of the station's numerous facilities.
Anderson said that the National Science Foundation-supported study took into account various factors, such as the angle and speed with which CubeSats could be ejected from the ISS, to ensure the mini-satellites would not endanger the crewed space station.
The space station could keep a stable of CubeSats ready and waiting to be deployed when the need arose.
"We're talking about responsiveness," Anderson said. "If you need a constellation [of satellites] maintained … if one falls out of orbit, you eject another CubeSat and you maintain your constellation."
Multi-prong research program
One group that's got a leg up on placing CubeSats onboard the ISS is the Space Systems Laboratory at the University of Kentucky.
The laboratory program considers the use of high-altitude balloon experiments and suborbital missions to the edge of space and back, as well as orbital flights, said Jim Lumpp Jr., director of the laboratory.
"There's definitely a progression" regarding how best to build, evaluate and test CubeSats, Lumpp told SPACE.com. "You can increase your technical-readiness level by exhibiting operation in space," he added, underscoring the usefulness of testing CubeSat designs onboard the ISS.
The Space Systems Laboratory has been working with private-sector space startups NanoRacks and KentuckySpace to use a standard rack that plugs into the space station, an interface that could be used to host microgravity research experiments.
Step-by-step direction
The University of Kentucky's CubeLab program is a venture to install and experiment with CubeSats on the ISS. [7 Aerospace Technologies On the Road]
CREDIT: University of Kentucky
"You want to flight-qualify CubeSats … You don't want to be doing engineering experiments free-flying," the University of Kentucky's Meetra Torabi of ISS operations told SPACE.com. "The CubeLab offers a great avenue to do technology demonstrations onboard the ISS."
Torabi emphasized that the CubeLab idea also promotes a faster time period for CubeSat development – from idea to actual orbital flight – that could occur within a student's university tenure.
Astronauts onboard the station have appraised a number of CubeSats following university-made video tapes of the do's and don'ts of evaluating the spacecraft, said Lumpp.
As for the CubeSat future, Lumpp told SPACE.com that near-space ballooning, suborbital testing, and evaluation onboard the ISS would make up a good step-by-step direction. "Having small dedicated rockets that can launch CubeSats and nanosats … well, that'd be nice."
Lumpp added: "Launching CubeSats from the space station or launching them from vehicles servicing the station is an excellent way to do a lot of science."
Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is a winner of this year's National Space Club Press Award and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999.
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